tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-60562356522945176942024-03-24T00:10:32.994-07:00The Contemporary ConditionJairus Victor Grovehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15030715466285389226noreply@blogger.comBlogger249125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6056235652294517694.post-1884421148123388522022-05-11T07:06:00.161-07:002022-05-11T09:14:19.344-07:00Mussolini: Parables For Today<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjclAo8KCW1MjOGVP_D4reHbqSX67dq1Un2VOGYjNB9QrvIxHpgZN9MkasDlPGbaJDBJrFKcOMvFp3tilykhekmv5aGV8_P-HrX-JZs4mK0PfX0XOZYIbPFCw3uZIeoYDMuWDc3HEJ0KwJBx9ylmmvLF_jfShHgFT33XPmI3gM2yFJiMevgaPDkCjcx/s320/Connolly%20Profile.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="291" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjclAo8KCW1MjOGVP_D4reHbqSX67dq1Un2VOGYjNB9QrvIxHpgZN9MkasDlPGbaJDBJrFKcOMvFp3tilykhekmv5aGV8_P-HrX-JZs4mK0PfX0XOZYIbPFCw3uZIeoYDMuWDc3HEJ0KwJBx9ylmmvLF_jfShHgFT33XPmI3gM2yFJiMevgaPDkCjcx/s1600/Connolly%20Profile.jpg" width="291" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;">By William E. Connolly</span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;">Author, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;"><a href="https://www.fordhampress.com/9781531500238/resounding-events/" target="_blank">Resounding Events: Adventures of an Academic from the Working Class</a></span><o:p></o:p></i></p>
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;"><i>M</i>. by Antonio Scurati, translated
into English in 2021, is a long novelesque account of the rise of Mussolini.
The 773 page text is divided into a series of three or four page sharp novelistic
accounts of this or that event, each followed by quotations from the key
figures of the moment. <br /></span><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKCyADTcVUYp9yDxWiOlQeveJCsUgycmkH8kdOU5AdZV00xA4mqmnmLGfWHV4hervXxljQ2zFVEalllNaFyqyZ4FFJIY94IiC0B4Y6c6K8UaAe8braHZFTHlpAEq4z_9zvRLPz72ndsGaEclAWkV27_sgo3EHLiPyK5EkVi50-1Xw_yQr5d-pQcfBR/s500/M%20cover.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="331" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKCyADTcVUYp9yDxWiOlQeveJCsUgycmkH8kdOU5AdZV00xA4mqmnmLGfWHV4hervXxljQ2zFVEalllNaFyqyZ4FFJIY94IiC0B4Y6c6K8UaAe8braHZFTHlpAEq4z_9zvRLPz72ndsGaEclAWkV27_sgo3EHLiPyK5EkVi50-1Xw_yQr5d-pQcfBR/w424-h640/M%20cover.jpg" width="424" /></a></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;">Some critics treat the style of the text as a danger itself,
fearing it might attract people to new fascist movements. I treat that danger as real but minor by
comparison to how it teaches critics of fascism how such a movement works, how
it can alert those who are too casual about those dangers, how its attractions
speak to real contingencies of today, and what might be done to avoid the mistakes
liberals and others made about Mussolini in his own day. It challenges
casualism. Organized in its episodic way, the text highlights numerous contingencies
that might have broken this or that way. Sometimes a contingency breaks against
M; sometimes for him; sometimes he helps to nudge it in his favor. M is thus not
the master mind of a victiorious march to Rome that was inevitable; he is the
mercurial leader of a movement who senses how to withdraw at one moment,
dissemble at others, and strike at yet others. The text rounds out key figures
such as Mussolini, who starts as a young leader of Socialism; Italo Balbo, who
becomes the smiling, ruthless leader of the violent s<i>quadrista;</i> Gabriele D’Annunzio, the foremost poet of Italy who
supports Italian takeover of Fiume-a city in Croatia; Giacoma Matteoti, the socialist
member of parliament who opposed Mussolini long after liberals, the Vatican,
and industrialists had given up; Benedettoo Croce, the liberal who first
opposes M’s advance and then concludes it may not be all that bad; Margherita
Sarfatti, the upper class artist and long term mistress of M; Pareto, the renowned
theorist of elite rule and secret counselor to Mussolini; and many others too
numerous to be covered in this review. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div>
<div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimn1n7-SE0OijSNNwbhSqXRNcTjGSlCbi5_rcZW_Y2dHj_5FrbhdbK3fBMzM_CsYvecOSNOi9U3U49giqzwEZJzuOkCQFlHGeV6UMuh7YOxqT78oR4NgO1UBxeDT9eMkmwEUhpbQLv2yGA_C-NmKkV7fdlVkTJjBEPAWhMoqpJMIWIhS5mvB5666b7/s400/Benito_Mussolini_Roman_Salute.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="297" data-original-width="400" height="476" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimn1n7-SE0OijSNNwbhSqXRNcTjGSlCbi5_rcZW_Y2dHj_5FrbhdbK3fBMzM_CsYvecOSNOi9U3U49giqzwEZJzuOkCQFlHGeV6UMuh7YOxqT78oR4NgO1UBxeDT9eMkmwEUhpbQLv2yGA_C-NmKkV7fdlVkTJjBEPAWhMoqpJMIWIhS5mvB5666b7/w640-h476/Benito_Mussolini_Roman_Salute.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><div style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">It is unwise to look for parallels or equivalences between
the time of Mussolini and today. But if you read this brilliant text as a long
series of parables, numerous resonances and affinities between then and now may
become discernible. Resonances that may
allow antifascists better to understand the convolutions through which
Mussolini came to power. A parable, as Jesus and Zarathustra knew, is a vague
saying or short story too brief and circumspect from which to draw specific
conclusions for other times, but juicy and urgent enough to trigger insights,
warnings, and prompts from which tnew responses can be mined. Parables travel
across time. They make you think. This set offers insights that might speak,
for starters, to the later regimes of Hitler, Bolsanaro, Putin, Orban, and Trump. Insights that might
strengthen the backbones of those who want to think the danger of Trumpism faded
or died after his electoral defeat in 2020. Here I mostly stick to the parables themselves.
Except when I cannot stop from doing otherwise.</span></div><div style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div></span></div></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyApS1iJuIJI5pkNUrs77VQYZhOOZTRkJio8ns4HreHi4NWJj8OLc6M9On5sffIAKkSDIAdSkgpYECbKehW7zhdNS5i8-PN9E5RpHEM3nKbFOwHAb3nShjUgr2MWZ6USYlJx7Yp8aHqudaxMNa0UPbHjKapCU7iiPn94_FJB_9BMWKVVO2THNtVP5q/s600/Aspirational%20Fascism.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="428" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyApS1iJuIJI5pkNUrs77VQYZhOOZTRkJio8ns4HreHi4NWJj8OLc6M9On5sffIAKkSDIAdSkgpYECbKehW7zhdNS5i8-PN9E5RpHEM3nKbFOwHAb3nShjUgr2MWZ6USYlJx7Yp8aHqudaxMNa0UPbHjKapCU7iiPn94_FJB_9BMWKVVO2THNtVP5q/w456-h640/Aspirational%20Fascism.jpeg" width="456" /></a></div><br /></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicOpKAfLkbWFJKz1O55Y9OADsyQb6_S1Q3iT1vJBw9ztymxttSQZx2hx6siaHLDTXYbXW_rxXGQ54NkIyPddRBhSzGna6Kio9HbyX6hPREUaAYjy2c_4yb98-QTg56ckYloxeu1dj5wiYtTR_SD6I64vIYiebKsuG2scdeTPpfbcPgt6_AlMqhRbA1/s500/pagebreak.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="52" data-original-width="500" height="41" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicOpKAfLkbWFJKz1O55Y9OADsyQb6_S1Q3iT1vJBw9ztymxttSQZx2hx6siaHLDTXYbXW_rxXGQ54NkIyPddRBhSzGna6Kio9HbyX6hPREUaAYjy2c_4yb98-QTg56ckYloxeu1dj5wiYtTR_SD6I64vIYiebKsuG2scdeTPpfbcPgt6_AlMqhRbA1/w400-h41/pagebreak.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;"><span>M begins his long trek to power as a radical socialist after
WWI, during a period of inflation and stress marked by the return of soldiers
to a country not ready to assimilate them. Mussolini is a defender of the
returning veterans in 1919 who also becomes the editor of </span><i>Avanti</i><span>, the leading socialist journal. He supports the quest for a
General Strike to bring socialism to Europe. He also stresses the spiritual
unity of a nation in the making and the need for an authoritarian leader to
transfigure the surging nation into a state. He and Nicola Bombacci thus soon
break, partly over the issue of authoritarianism and partly over the former’s
view that timely violence is the key to gaining power.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;">Why do many Leftists eventually slide or run to the right
while others, like Bombacci and Matteoti, remain on the Left? I suspect a
virulent drive to dogmatism, violence and/or authoritarianism—either to one or
all of them--often makes the difference. The right more often welcomes these
things. And it has resources to offer financial and other protections. So as
you face more and more opposition within the Left, you slip and slide away from
it while retaining your dogmatism. This is, of course, not a law, merely a tendency,
one that may chafe against other tendencies.
</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;">It is, above all, not to say that liberalism—poised as it is between
Left and Right—is always the answer. Liberals, having allowed the reliability
of electoral institutions to sink so deeply into their pores, too often
minimize or shy away from dangers emanating from the right. They misconstrue
the powers of dissembling and street violence coming at timely moments from the
right sources. And they too often ignore real grievances of the working class
that can open that class to the promises of fascism. And, as a recent NYT
obituary on for Midge Decter shows, many liberals with authoritarian streaks
eventually rumble to the right.</span></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizjGehvd9QBMDarKq7JaLJ6vGPnbXvmJ9qTkd433DnFJMlFhn1rw7_aSzhHilTnimDxN3TjCbzPbZh6gZ3wkp25PZPNypHWvofC1R3xwE7EyPVeBTdxsJHK9ILjTOmNN5MGuR40T-aSHHFtCIg1tUKBj3aK4iktAxQHUezI2RW3lNyAd5qkI9cTSh3/s500/pagebreak.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="52" data-original-width="500" height="41" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizjGehvd9QBMDarKq7JaLJ6vGPnbXvmJ9qTkd433DnFJMlFhn1rw7_aSzhHilTnimDxN3TjCbzPbZh6gZ3wkp25PZPNypHWvofC1R3xwE7EyPVeBTdxsJHK9ILjTOmNN5MGuR40T-aSHHFtCIg1tUKBj3aK4iktAxQHUezI2RW3lNyAd5qkI9cTSh3/w400-h41/pagebreak.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;"><div><br /></div><div>Mussolini, the great speaker and dissembler, propels fascist
violence when his new movement is small, and he often denies he is doing
so. Fascist humor becomes the trademark of the charismatic speaker, a humor
in which vague, dark threats underwrite lighthearted denials. During a
different time, for instance, he might have told the Proud Boys to stand down
and stand by. In October of 1919 M writes to D”Annuzio, “”The elections are a
magnificent pretext for shrill, filthy, socialist opportunism. For us, they are
a means of rallying and camaflouge. We are organizing squads of twenty men
each, armed and in a kind of uniform, both to demand our freedom of speech, as
well as for other events…” (p.106) Pelting adversaries with a filthy vocabulary
of maggots, cowardice, and vermin is a tactic M never relinquishes. Those terms often serve as
a prelude or postlude to violence, for vermin by definition are to be wasted.</div><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6ziNJxl0pRpVviCnvwpxBwxqcVH-o7JHRrvdacqLTeiyZ5FVdl7Pd3kmDmTxO7kYUJgRyUCdoStEfXifPL0lxY1CW597WnerWnraV5ORJKCkLpb4wVT5gSFHrCcIXIB-UFXhJtnpbNNnw894jEu-nCsHoiP91ekN1H0Xck0rgbMjt01IQbs8yWMHy/s496/Mussolini_1920s.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="496" data-original-width="368" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6ziNJxl0pRpVviCnvwpxBwxqcVH-o7JHRrvdacqLTeiyZ5FVdl7Pd3kmDmTxO7kYUJgRyUCdoStEfXifPL0lxY1CW597WnerWnraV5ORJKCkLpb4wVT5gSFHrCcIXIB-UFXhJtnpbNNnw894jEu-nCsHoiP91ekN1H0Xck0rgbMjt01IQbs8yWMHy/w474-h640/Mussolini_1920s.jpg" width="474" /></a></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;">By 1920, according to Scurati, “All the liberal
and consevative parties were finally
coalescing into a national bloc against the socialists.., but the fascists
would still be left out. Circumstances would show that they had to assert
themselves through shootings, fires, destruction. Let the others grow old in
the voting booth…Fascism wasn’t an assembly of voters but an order of fighters”
(223). The socialists won the election that year. But the forces of
anti-socialism were very strong institutionaly, particularly among
industrialists, landowners, the Vatican, the fearful middle class, and rural
peasants. The task of fascism is to accentuate those fears and to attack the
purveyors. The police and the </span><i style="font-size: x-large;">carbonniere
</i><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;">are sympathetic, providing space and cover for violences the </span><i style="font-size: x-large;">fasci </i><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;">enact. </span></div><div><br /></div><div>By 1920 fascism is spreading like “an epidemic”. People are
suffering. The fascist ensemble of daggers, clenched fists, words as punches,
guns, fires, night time attacks, fast cars, hot women, and charismatic denials
becomes a tempting stew to innumerable outcasts. Sex and violence become
intercoded, as expressed in the violent rapes that accompany each attack. And
the famed, ruthless sexual adventurism of M, says Scurati, exudes an “erotic
fury.” (272) An ugly masculinism is one of the attractions of fascism for those
who relentlessly demand primacy and have been thwarted too often. </div><div><br /></div><div>M knows by this time that socialists occasionally call for
violence. But violence does not sink as deeply into their DNA. In violent
contests between fascists and socialist, the fascists will thus prevail; their
numbers will grow in the countryside as they do, even if the cities at first
resist. By 1921 “everyone is rushing in: big and small Landownrs, share
croppers, shopkeepers, tenants.” (286) Industriallists have already begun to
collude. They fear and detest socialism
and Bolshevism, while they at most merely dislike fascists. The former would
take away private property, hope for big profits, entrepreneurial liberty. M pursues an industrialism with high profits
grafted onto the fascist spirituality of a nation. Neither socialist nor
classical liberal, he the image of an industrial nation serves as a counter to
both. In early 1921 M announces in <i>Il
Popolo d’Italia--</i> the defining journal of fascism of which he is is the
editor—"the assembly in Bologna celebrates a year of fascist battles. It
is the consecration of victory…Fascism is rampant because it carries within it
the seeds of life, not those of dissolution. It is a movement that cannot
fail.” (348) Violent purges, tethered to the promise of new national unity. </div></span></div></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizjGehvd9QBMDarKq7JaLJ6vGPnbXvmJ9qTkd433DnFJMlFhn1rw7_aSzhHilTnimDxN3TjCbzPbZh6gZ3wkp25PZPNypHWvofC1R3xwE7EyPVeBTdxsJHK9ILjTOmNN5MGuR40T-aSHHFtCIg1tUKBj3aK4iktAxQHUezI2RW3lNyAd5qkI9cTSh3/s500/pagebreak.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="52" data-original-width="500" height="41" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizjGehvd9QBMDarKq7JaLJ6vGPnbXvmJ9qTkd433DnFJMlFhn1rw7_aSzhHilTnimDxN3TjCbzPbZh6gZ3wkp25PZPNypHWvofC1R3xwE7EyPVeBTdxsJHK9ILjTOmNN5MGuR40T-aSHHFtCIg1tUKBj3aK4iktAxQHUezI2RW3lNyAd5qkI9cTSh3/w400-h41/pagebreak.jpg" width="400" /></a></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;">Italo Balbo is the organizer of the s<i>quadrista</i>, a melange of free wheeling
fascist thugs and killers, eager to club and beat socialists and anybody else
who disagrees with them. The members of this militia often arrive from the
military or police forces. Balbo smiles a lot, conveying to his militia a sense
of joy in combat and in killing scum. The killing is for the cause. It also
exceeds it: it wreaks <i>Vengeance </i>for a
lot in life its warriors did not choose.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;">That is why the dagger is such a potent symbol and weapon of
fascists. It plunges into the enemy in an act of sexual violence, drawing blood.
You clean off your dagger or wipe off your penis and walk away.</span></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;"> </span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrjn82c34CZUP9rpSz4hYQZ6sNoz7g5oFYFBDcvQughdKZzQZaJfH0KeqC7EptUkI__MiX40epsqzcyx-riDb0Opg6A58qG2aJnusf790F3llLiA0j9Qxpbj8MC2N-pkqK5rYynTiISRvl3y0EdeMQNm1Pa6mVsS08rkA1vtPwcyB2VJpZcoPiyszf/s696/Italian_Arditi%20Knives.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="471" data-original-width="696" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrjn82c34CZUP9rpSz4hYQZ6sNoz7g5oFYFBDcvQughdKZzQZaJfH0KeqC7EptUkI__MiX40epsqzcyx-riDb0Opg6A58qG2aJnusf790F3llLiA0j9Qxpbj8MC2N-pkqK5rYynTiISRvl3y0EdeMQNm1Pa6mVsS08rkA1vtPwcyB2VJpZcoPiyszf/w640-h434/Italian_Arditi%20Knives.jpg" width="640" /></a></div></div><div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;">In 1921 Balbo’s force occupies the town of
Pontelagorscuro; it “sets fire to the Chamber of Labor and forces the
socialists to kiss the corpses’s hands”. Then they attack another village in
Ferrara, soon obliterating several Socialist Leagues. Liberals, industrialists,
and the Vatican do not like the violence, but they do like defeat of the
socialists. They thus tolerate, and soon come tacitly to support, the fascist violence they condemn in principle. Often they can find a pretext to underplay
the tenacity of the violence. It is for a good cause. Balbo creates a recipe
that combines vicious violence with absolute disgrace of the socialists.
Disgrace as a key weapon of combat. “You
seize a diehard socialist, ram a funnel down his throat, and force him to drink
a quart of laxative. Then you tie him to the hood a car and drive him throuigh
town while he farts and toots and shoots himself…Impossible not to laugh.”
(359) Humiliation brings authority to the humiliators.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;">Fascist humor is a humor of contempt, disgrace, and
humiliation, attached to memories and promises of violence. Violence and humiliation
work back and forth upon each other, softening critiques of violence through the
vicarious memories of disgrace in some, the love of disgracing opponents in
others, and a visceral fear of humiliation
in yet others. The agents of disgrace, of course, feel most avenged when they humiliate
those of decency and nobility. Such attacks lift their spirits, dragging those
who previously ignored them into the muck. M both urgently needs Balbo and tries
to rein in him from to time. Finally Balbo is given control of the s</span><i style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;">quadrista </i><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;">when they are later mobilized to
become an official force inside the Italian army itself. Hitler learns from
this. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><p style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizjGehvd9QBMDarKq7JaLJ6vGPnbXvmJ9qTkd433DnFJMlFhn1rw7_aSzhHilTnimDxN3TjCbzPbZh6gZ3wkp25PZPNypHWvofC1R3xwE7EyPVeBTdxsJHK9ILjTOmNN5MGuR40T-aSHHFtCIg1tUKBj3aK4iktAxQHUezI2RW3lNyAd5qkI9cTSh3/s500/pagebreak.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="52" data-original-width="500" height="41" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizjGehvd9QBMDarKq7JaLJ6vGPnbXvmJ9qTkd433DnFJMlFhn1rw7_aSzhHilTnimDxN3TjCbzPbZh6gZ3wkp25PZPNypHWvofC1R3xwE7EyPVeBTdxsJHK9ILjTOmNN5MGuR40T-aSHHFtCIg1tUKBj3aK4iktAxQHUezI2RW3lNyAd5qkI9cTSh3/w400-h41/pagebreak.jpg" width="400" /></a></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: xx-large; text-align: left;"></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;">At a strategic moment in 1922, Vilfredo Pareto, the famous
theorist of elite rule, writes privately to M that the time to attack is now or
never. He had publicly kept a thin veneer of distance between himself and M. But
a series of contingencies have now temporarily broken in a fascist direction. Socialists
are discouraged because of failure of their general strike. Industrialists and
landowners need the violence of fascists against socialists and Bolsheviks to counter
their electoral power. Liberals are demoralized as they preside over a
gridlocked parliament. The king is tired. Luigi Facta, an old moderate
nostalgic for a rural life, is on the verge of resigning as prime ministar. And
Benedetto Croce, the prominent liberal theorist, now assures everyone that
there is no need to exaggerate the effects of a fascist takeover. The
institutions will tame them.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;">M prepares a march on Rome while vociferously denying in
public that he is doing so, making one think today of </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;">Putin’s “routine military exercises” on the
border of Ukraine. The march is launched, a ragtag group of armed enthusiasts heading
to Rome. At an untimely moment Luigi Facta tenders his resignation. And the
king is neutralized. The armed </span><i style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;">squadrista</i><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;">
enter the city. The army does not confront them. No one has ordered them to do
so. If the order had been made, the militia would almost certainly have been
defeated. The king now invites M to organize a new government. Scurati: “Had
the prime minister resigned even 24 hours earlier, it would have enabled the
country to have a government capable of confronting the fascist aggression.” (521)
A fateful contingency of timing amid gridlock. </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;">The untimely death of Ruth Bader Ginsburg fits
that description too.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifQ0_fTy5vWnKbv1TV1GUfxL8u2MsR7tqvawmGjz-jlqRZRJhd-_IzW5ynaZ-fKegRx2HRkfHAeLQz2F2sTzvAfbDkka6Pk2MfXI2UrHWVKHVhyWsrpYniKwPyzGjQmHaMXi4Td10G5pjDZh4HVt7zq3ZfU2cGQyjNbd9tCgMcOiwzOkuracxgMlLR/s647/Mussolini%20March.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="466" data-original-width="647" height="460" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifQ0_fTy5vWnKbv1TV1GUfxL8u2MsR7tqvawmGjz-jlqRZRJhd-_IzW5ynaZ-fKegRx2HRkfHAeLQz2F2sTzvAfbDkka6Pk2MfXI2UrHWVKHVhyWsrpYniKwPyzGjQmHaMXi4Td10G5pjDZh4HVt7zq3ZfU2cGQyjNbd9tCgMcOiwzOkuracxgMlLR/w640-h460/Mussolini%20March.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><div style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Croce is not too worried, thinking the new prime minister
will organize a fairly balanced cabinet. He reminds one of those pundits on
“Morning Joe”, who first said Trump could not win in 2016 and then called upon
liberals to give him a chance to assimilate to liberal institutions after he
did. Doubly wrong. Always a step behind the eight ball. Instead, M forces a new
electoral system through parliament, assuring a majority for him in the next
election. Violence becomes extensive in the provinces. Matteoti, a former
landowner turned socialist, now becomes a lonely voice in parliament to document innumerable fascist
violences. Other antifascists are too cowed. One day he disappears. A major public
crisis erupts, until M promises to hunt for the culprits and to work
relentlessly to create a beautiful fascist nation out of disorder and gridlock.</span><span style="font-size: x-large;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-large;">He is confident the people now favor order
and rule over liberty. Here is what a ten year old, the only one who witnessed
the abduction said: “I was playing with my friends. Close by was a car…Five men
got out and started walking up and down. All of a sudden I saw Matteoti come
out. One of the men went over to him and punched him hard, knocking him to the
ground. Then the other four came over…So we could see that Matteoti was
struggling. Then they picked him up by the head and feet and carried him to the
car. We didn’t see anything else after that.” (705) His shallow grave was
discovered much later, with his head bashed in.</span></div><div style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizjGehvd9QBMDarKq7JaLJ6vGPnbXvmJ9qTkd433DnFJMlFhn1rw7_aSzhHilTnimDxN3TjCbzPbZh6gZ3wkp25PZPNypHWvofC1R3xwE7EyPVeBTdxsJHK9ILjTOmNN5MGuR40T-aSHHFtCIg1tUKBj3aK4iktAxQHUezI2RW3lNyAd5qkI9cTSh3/s500/pagebreak.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="52" data-original-width="500" height="41" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizjGehvd9QBMDarKq7JaLJ6vGPnbXvmJ9qTkd433DnFJMlFhn1rw7_aSzhHilTnimDxN3TjCbzPbZh6gZ3wkp25PZPNypHWvofC1R3xwE7EyPVeBTdxsJHK9ILjTOmNN5MGuR40T-aSHHFtCIg1tUKBj3aK4iktAxQHUezI2RW3lNyAd5qkI9cTSh3/w400-h41/pagebreak.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><div style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: x-large;">Read the whole book front to back as you also track daily news
items in America, Europe, South America and elsewhere about, for instance,
militia violences, the Presidential insurrection against the state on January
6, the large number of former police officers, militia members, and war veterans
who participated in it, the Republican legislators who embraced it, urban police
street killings of Blacks, right wing refusals to obey subpoenas issued by the
January 6 commission, grievances of the white working class that liberals try
to ignore, Trumpian speeches that define his adversaries to be traitors, scum, and
enemies of the people, desultory delays in bringing charges against high
ranking insurrectionists by Attorney General Garland, systematic Republican
Party suppression of Black and poor voters, surging inflation, the Big Lie
about a stolen election reverberating with the base, Republican norm breaking to
produce a right wing Supreme Court, extreme anti-abortion language of a new
court decision that also forebodes rollbacks in other areas, insistent denials
of climate change amid a growing climate crisis, white evangelical racist intensities
and neoliberal collusions, Elon Musk’s takeover of twitter, and Trumpist plans
to win and rule more resolutely the next time. Either the Donald himself or one
of his acolytes. </div><div style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;">There is no star that guarantees the fascist movement will
win the next time. There are always
unexpected contingencies, each posing new questions about how each side responds
to it. There is no insitutional star that guarantees this movement will fail either.
It is a gathering storm. You can start by refusing to call its leaders
“populists”. <i>M </i>offers a series of
parables for our time.</span></div><div style="font-size: x-large;"><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: x-large;"><o:p></o:p></p></span></div><div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"></span></div></div></div>Derek Denmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11790693849406992144noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6056235652294517694.post-79177832940669004302022-01-06T13:06:00.004-08:002022-01-06T13:14:28.090-08:00January 6: Giving Insurrection a Bad Name<div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhL_MBJYgqx0ibDJ1x-7EprIzl5Ykma8h3CHh4_8T7zBuuEvGOQZBri1syAdYJLbrysVKz7OYgNFGxgcIxjcORbxHHyN_-KZ3eH4A_IngqhPr1MHUar7roYAuq7-asCSD8OZziODixdaBI/s640/Steve+Johnston.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="480" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhL_MBJYgqx0ibDJ1x-7EprIzl5Ykma8h3CHh4_8T7zBuuEvGOQZBri1syAdYJLbrysVKz7OYgNFGxgcIxjcORbxHHyN_-KZ3eH4A_IngqhPr1MHUar7roYAuq7-asCSD8OZziODixdaBI/w150-h200/Steve+Johnston.JPG" width="150" /></a></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><b>Steven Johnston</b> is Neal A. Maxwell Chair in Political Theory, Public Policy, and Public Service, University of Utah and is the author of, most recently, Wonder and Cruelty: Ontological War in 'It's a Wonderful Life' and Lincoln: The Ambiguous Icon.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">Democracy in America may be dead. Yes, it continues to show signs of life (some competitive elections continue, for now anyway), but this does not mean that it has not been effectively killed (already). One party and one party alone—the Republican Party—in this country believes it has the sole right to rule. Anything done to prevent Democrats from governing is thus, by definition, permissible. Since democracy cannot reliably deliver the results Republicans desire, they are prepared to dispense with it.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjQwYGYGVi_83LoMfBjV67EMS0I-39RydhROJg3x2z55UUz5puKsx3IcI_tXC3UJWk6glzdDstnTSxmvoXqe5yOqqV0AnKNgnjQiaD-ybtBcasDDW7B1gYTRtNhWqkE8J1Epds0pzL2mRun_SSHdytIZeDiCY9wWUeATjYi9Wk5Wj6rqV5jvwPzlLhp1g=s1404" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="936" data-original-width="1404" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjQwYGYGVi_83LoMfBjV67EMS0I-39RydhROJg3x2z55UUz5puKsx3IcI_tXC3UJWk6glzdDstnTSxmvoXqe5yOqqV0AnKNgnjQiaD-ybtBcasDDW7B1gYTRtNhWqkE8J1Epds0pzL2mRun_SSHdytIZeDiCY9wWUeATjYi9Wk5Wj6rqV5jvwPzlLhp1g=w524-h320" width="524" /></a></div><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">There are some who recognize, at least to some extent, the danger American democracy faces, but most of them are incapable of considering, let alone doing, what might be necessary to save it from its domestic enemies. And make no mistake, America is beset by enemies of democracy. This is not a question of demonizing opponents. It is a matter of recognizing them—and their agenda—for what they are. This combination makes the threat to democracy twofold: its enemies will gladly destroy it; its friends will sit by and watch it happen, paralyzed by (liberal procedural) formalities.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">Former President Donald Trump is the generalissimo of the American campaign to subvert American democracy. His credentials are impeccable. Trump weathered conspiring with Russia to steal the 2016 presidential election and then successfully covered it up by obstructing the official investigation into it. The Muller probe provided Trump and his treason, in the end, with an official pass. Trump tried to enlist a foreign power to subvert the 2020 election and then did his best to cover it up, too. The subsequent impeachment process, thanks to Republicans, gave him a second pass. Trump (then) orchestrated a failed coup attempt to overturn the results of the 2020 presidential election he lost, the most legitimate national contest in American history. The impeachment process, again thanks to Republicans, gave him a third pass for his treasonous conduct.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhQhXDJojwtKINbFtuNAnnY_zZeFyaFevmV5pm_IRb_ZdYAcBTxncGkookcKW08ItL_1sL48X6p36P4Emuwq04fBjqIS8OksSwQNmCn3vZIPxqP7IYiB1VIJnNTKEKTuXd6LW4qI--DkWneFCxXcSCbVFvzHdazNhlAuf4pVs9tJ9CrWuD1sS3amp7-lA=s1404" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="920" data-original-width="1404" height="378" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhQhXDJojwtKINbFtuNAnnY_zZeFyaFevmV5pm_IRb_ZdYAcBTxncGkookcKW08ItL_1sL48X6p36P4Emuwq04fBjqIS8OksSwQNmCn3vZIPxqP7IYiB1VIJnNTKEKTuXd6LW4qI--DkWneFCxXcSCbVFvzHdazNhlAuf4pVs9tJ9CrWuD1sS3amp7-lA=w577-h378" width="577" /></a></div><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">The failed efforts to hold Trump accountable no doubt emboldened him and the Republican Party, both at the national and state levels. Though they have not yet eradicated it, they are working diligently, tirelessly, relentlessly to render American democracy’s meaningful exercise null and void. (This meaningful exercise revolves around the acceptance of political defeat and the peaceful transfer of power.) They do so not just to ensure that Trump, the purveyor and beneficiary of a cult of personality, will be returned to the White House in 2024 regardless of how the nation votes. They do so in service to a radical right-wing, anti-democratic ideology that is rooted in, among other things, white supremacy, white Christian minority rule, neoliberal capitalism, an extraction-based economy, indifference to catastrophic environmental crises, the elimination of workers’ rights, a war on scientific (and other forms of) expertise, the worship of guns, a celebration of violence, contempt for opposition of any kind, antagonism to government and the common good, unthinking patriotism, toxic masculinity, and the control of women’s bodies: in short, the ugliest version of American exceptionalism.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">Trump and his Republican minions wage their fascist campaign not behind the scenes with stealth maneuvers designed to keep the public in the dark, but out in the open for everyone to witness. Pace The Washington Post, democracy does not die in darkness. Their machinations, featuring various schemes to overturn adverse electoral results in the next presidential election, are meeting with little, if any, opposition. This means that what failed in 2020 could well succeed the next time around.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjCsXvoLQnbhP5bSp3VkMBzAxlbP1f4xdLiYFXJOrAXmu6qkI2bt-Qg97EqygStr2ww-0VfTFpQmvMOIE5L8OxHwH45yiqgQzgn827v-BuR9CZ08izhFrx-aTlHbp_Koykx5u5vPGMM476wZDoCx8naZe1iQREFPSFaI5j0FtgcawYdUJTQgjdiqsU2_g=s1404" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="796" data-original-width="1404" height="344" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjCsXvoLQnbhP5bSp3VkMBzAxlbP1f4xdLiYFXJOrAXmu6qkI2bt-Qg97EqygStr2ww-0VfTFpQmvMOIE5L8OxHwH45yiqgQzgn827v-BuR9CZ08izhFrx-aTlHbp_Koykx5u5vPGMM476wZDoCx8naZe1iQREFPSFaI5j0FtgcawYdUJTQgjdiqsU2_g=w523-h344" width="523" /></a></div><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">Meanwhile, many of the foot soldiers who participated in the January 6 insurrection are now receiving harsh sentences for their involvement in the violent coup to keep Trump in power. The claim that they were operating on his orders and doing his bidding has not protected them from serious jail time. Rightly so, but the man who has done (and continues to do) so much damage to American democracy pursues his campaign to destroy American democracy unhindered. The House Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol, which includes Liz Cheney, has made it clear that Trump committed crimes on January 6. He could thus find himself in legal jeopardy, however improbable that seems given the cowardice of the current Attorney General, who would be highly unlikely to make even a preliminary investigative move against Trump for the crime of treason absent pressure from a mass mobilization. For one thing, Garland would not have Biden’s backing. Biden, after all, said nothing when it was recently revealed that Trump went to the first debate having tested positive for Covid-19, a reckless act that could be construed as an assassination attempt of a would-be president.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"> Trump’s January 6 crimes are specified in federal law (18 U.S.C. 1852 and 18 U.S.C. 2383): 1) “Whoever corruptly…obstructs, influences, or impedes any official proceeding, or attempts to do so, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 20 years, or both.” Official proceedings include “a proceeding before the Congress”; 2) “Whoever incites, sets on foot, assists, or engages in any rebellion or insurrection against the authority of the United States or the laws thereof, or gives aid or comfort thereto, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both; and shall be incapable of holding any office under the United States.” Not all official proceedings are alike, of course, but Congressional ratification of the official transfer of power following a free and fair election for president is the first among equals, and its subversion tantamount to rebellion or insurrection.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">Trump’s guilt is beyond reasonable doubt. He summoned and demanded that his myrmidons “stop the steal,” and the only way to stop the so-called steal was to stop the procedure confirming Biden’s presidential election victory on January 6. Since Mike Pence declined to participate, there were no options other than mob violence to implement Trump’s will to power. The mob did not disappoint him (lynching Nancy Pelosi would have been a bonus for Trump’s marauders), and Trump refused to call them off when they stormed the Capitol.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhPPwJh8PM72MMzIRg3VzN9sEFecvIDWy04WQiqUpkLbOKOBpXFoQiku3sliTleBEodLO7_OG8A9XnvD-Eq3x0ewI2F8Vy_Wg4rDFXXINw-U-lzVtaO5TSrMIvD-4kn4C9cm_9StNzwQI4V5z4HQoVjSqvTfYVCLqSI_Pej75jimID3jSl_bfRdS_exJQ=s1404" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="918" data-original-width="1404" height="394" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhPPwJh8PM72MMzIRg3VzN9sEFecvIDWy04WQiqUpkLbOKOBpXFoQiku3sliTleBEodLO7_OG8A9XnvD-Eq3x0ewI2F8Vy_Wg4rDFXXINw-U-lzVtaO5TSrMIvD-4kn4C9cm_9StNzwQI4V5z4HQoVjSqvTfYVCLqSI_Pej75jimID3jSl_bfRdS_exJQ=w602-h394" width="602" /></a></div><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">At long last, what is to be done with Trump? Admittedly, no law, given its generality, is likely to fit perfectly all the cases it might cover. The laws applicable to Congress’ official proceeding on January 6 imagine fines and imprisonment as adequate responses (with rebellion or insurrection actually carrying lesser penalties). Yet Trump’s continual crimes against American democracy could be considered capital in character. After all, they entail the destruction of a people’s free way of life and the instantiation of permanent one-party domination. This country was founded on a violent rejection of tyranny (at least on one side but with the sanctification of slavery on the other.) Trump and the Republican Party want to resurrect tyranny and re-sanctify white triumphalism. It could be argued that Trump should have been dealt with years ago and the nation’s failure to protect itself from him (especially given his hold over the Republican Party, which is birthing more and more Trumps) reveals a country incapable of defending itself. Ultimately, it seems America’s democratic defenders would sooner sit by and watch their democracy destroyed than destroy, by whatever means contemporary politics might indicate and republican history might dictate, those who would destroy it.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiXYmFN90NuALJUB0RSZ7YRRB_dx9ggfzs_UHKhN21Uwzn6ArdL8YPxkVoF_rvNc136E63rQahjiplex0mwy4B7A8WhqocY13NjTI4fS8wpH7A5K_WETvmx7zVxEf3p6GuYCYYHzPJyywqFMezS5j5ZjuRZ8CV961VNIzilcmKShAiQTxRjnF4ISbO59g=s1404" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="934" data-original-width="1404" height="396" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiXYmFN90NuALJUB0RSZ7YRRB_dx9ggfzs_UHKhN21Uwzn6ArdL8YPxkVoF_rvNc136E63rQahjiplex0mwy4B7A8WhqocY13NjTI4fS8wpH7A5K_WETvmx7zVxEf3p6GuYCYYHzPJyywqFMezS5j5ZjuRZ8CV961VNIzilcmKShAiQTxRjnF4ISbO59g=w596-h396" width="596" /></a></div><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">What this means is that January 6, 2021, embodies a dress rehearsal for 2024. It was rightly condemned because Trump lost the election. The election was not in fact stolen. No amount of insistence to the contrary can alter this fact. No amount of fabricated evidence can alter this fact. The Big Lie may succeed, but this cannot make it true. Truth, however, can also be irrelevant. Lies can create their own reality. Trump may not be Hitler, but he is a pupil. The Big Lie thus may lead to an illegitimately overturned election in 2024. If so, what will democratic forces do then? Are they prepared to disrupt Republican-controlled statehouses hellbent on naming their own slates of electors to the Electoral College? Are they prepared to prevent a Republican-controlled Congress from installing as president someone who did not legitimately win the office? If so, how exactly? The John Roberts Supreme Court will be a partner in its crime. These are not fantastical scenarios. Republicans across the country are arranging them as I write. It’s one thing to condemn January 6 as a failed coup. It’s another thing to fail to prepare to take action to prevent a Republican-dominated Congress from initiating or ratifying a real coup that might take place on a future January 6. In other words, there’s potential danger in letting January 6, 2021, give insurrection a bad name. More than likely, it’s going to take democratic bodies bravely putting themselves in harm’s way in and around both state and national legislatures to save American democracy from its self-declared enemies, for those who falsely shouted “stop the steal” in 2020 and 2021 are now conspiring to execute the greatest heist in American political history. Get ready to Occupy the 2024 Election. </span></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6056235652294517694.post-39186250092985650722021-12-04T12:14:00.004-08:002021-12-05T12:46:01.423-08:00Race and the Anthropocene: planetary circuits of imperial power<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEghNEfsT9M2WQ_UvuEdFgEPNLJEF_UmX3h2S6Q1pWdxYR0bONw7sDoLlm4PUgUbNnBPpOyOuNWXfUIRdbCqhKG61cudEVqu02gQI2bBH4S7cIau3IB93jc1gFbofF2zeldnl2WdsJJ4WP76hblaSr9dksv4wdNvaQvGBE3-_DOqNMVkjDpDiCW_L8n6PQ=s640" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="581" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEghNEfsT9M2WQ_UvuEdFgEPNLJEF_UmX3h2S6Q1pWdxYR0bONw7sDoLlm4PUgUbNnBPpOyOuNWXfUIRdbCqhKG61cudEVqu02gQI2bBH4S7cIau3IB93jc1gFbofF2zeldnl2WdsJJ4WP76hblaSr9dksv4wdNvaQvGBE3-_DOqNMVkjDpDiCW_L8n6PQ=s320" width="291" /></a></div></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><b>William E. Connolly</b>, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">author, Resounding Events: adventures of an academic from the working class (forthcoming, March, 2022); Facing the Planetary: Entangled Humanism and the Politics of Swarming (2017.) <br /><br />In my early work on race, I focused, along with numerous others, on ideological and social power dynamics that create degradation for Blacks and Amerindians in America. The thesis today--again in the company of others--complicates and extends such state, global and postcolonial analyses. The suggestion: you cannot dig far into global issues of race and imperialism without addressing the phenomenon recently known as the Anthropocene. As a corollary, you can’t trace the ecological course and differential consequences of the vast accumulation of carbon emission triggers generated by Euro-American states without exploring how diverse planetary amplifiers carry the most immediate and devastating consequences to regions predominately populated by people of color. Now global, and state examinations of race become entangled with the planetary; it consists of multiple nonhuman processes such as ocean currents, glacier flows, trade winds, El Ninos, volcanic eruptions, monsoon interruptions, and shifting drought zones.</span><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiQAR9jWZiIkrmR39impWWQ_XCNhxpB1yj7544Oshx1YuN0YaMovl2rqxz-5bN8ihsSf7rPWuF3-jIqfrwtYOyR1fYZ-iPzQ5xzNxYcf_f95UO86xnESIZm8iahm_IyPsCVewxJV8EPtBkWlu7SmO9M1H97TldH_0k53KMDDQLcXFBvIcqAjnOQUXNIWQ=s711"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiQAR9jWZiIkrmR39impWWQ_XCNhxpB1yj7544Oshx1YuN0YaMovl2rqxz-5bN8ihsSf7rPWuF3-jIqfrwtYOyR1fYZ-iPzQ5xzNxYcf_f95UO86xnESIZm8iahm_IyPsCVewxJV8EPtBkWlu7SmO9M1H97TldH_0k53KMDDQLcXFBvIcqAjnOQUXNIWQ=w535-h325" /></a><br /><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">One or two examples. The entire continent of Africa has released only about 4% of the world’s cumulative C02 emissions over the last 200 years. The United States alone--not a continent--has released 25%. But several zones of the African continent suffer a highly disproportionate share of the adverse consequences of these emissions, including drought, famine, wars, pressures to migrate, and so forth. Expanding and intensifying drought in north Africa and the rapid melting of mountain glaciers, particularly Mts Kilmanjaro and Kenya, are crucial instances.</span><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiwqdmUJGqab8dFGoYLUQUZ4VQYlyidklRjHc8bezdRMbKDXyJn-jbSFUsYzFcqZru6ZiJ1j2lPW9BdBMaa5-9XNqt54uAaYeGcKKc6JAkUXhuY2ouAliuRZYZGdQZueX9MO1XhxGAB_HinLEh_5Jj-He2qSts1FOlEH5bGh-xa8IKV3F-YErWqatj-bQ=s1894"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiwqdmUJGqab8dFGoYLUQUZ4VQYlyidklRjHc8bezdRMbKDXyJn-jbSFUsYzFcqZru6ZiJ1j2lPW9BdBMaa5-9XNqt54uAaYeGcKKc6JAkUXhuY2ouAliuRZYZGdQZueX9MO1XhxGAB_HinLEh_5Jj-He2qSts1FOlEH5bGh-xa8IKV3F-YErWqatj-bQ=w523-h362" /></a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">Indeed, the disproportion between sources of emissions from temperate capitalist states and the distribution of effects across zones in the pacific islands, the Arctic, Africa, India and parts of Latin America are crucial.<br /> When you explore planetary patterns that carry consequences from here to there, the picture becomes clear. Here is one example: the intensification of pacific El-Ninos during the Anthropocene curtails the strength and absorptive capacity of seasonal trade winds blowing east (the exact mechanisms are still a little hazy). During the Medieval Warming Period (900 to 1300), the result was interruption of monsoon seasons that created severe drought and famines in the Sahara, the horn of Africa, India, and parts of China. From 1897 to 1899 the same cascade of forces interrupted seasonal monsoons again, with the British Empire then neglecting the famine and strife spawned in India.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjNdCgQ29ihKIvTu4_YqJ02Rp5bz2ejq5fxazchKLz8vba6SiBkpemHaZfgzFw4mdUBmOsWc3wL1Zo3651wFpmWrLgL7FWOD7QahJtAu_59JbtTELuIHQTu9iuaXtNt_4oRX3cX4ugr605wGudbH2atyAVNaQG8TPqTIZEFrM43eq-x08L5gLTwRo4oNg=s2048"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjNdCgQ29ihKIvTu4_YqJ02Rp5bz2ejq5fxazchKLz8vba6SiBkpemHaZfgzFw4mdUBmOsWc3wL1Zo3651wFpmWrLgL7FWOD7QahJtAu_59JbtTELuIHQTu9iuaXtNt_4oRX3cX4ugr605wGudbH2atyAVNaQG8TPqTIZEFrM43eq-x08L5gLTwRo4oNg=w557-h383" /></a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">Mike Davis in Victorian Holocausts (2000) has exposed in detail the extent of the carnage. His work even stretches beyond the sociocentrism of so much of social theory of that day--and this day--to explore the planetary dynamics by which these effects were distributed. Sociocentrism--the stubborn insistence to pretend that only social factors explain social changes--is incapable of coming to terms with a key nonhuman relays in these shifts. It ignores the planetary circuits of imperial imposition. Planetary circuits are not in the first instance intentional modes of power; but as imperial powers learn about them and refuse to take corrective action they become intentional. Hence the scourges of climate denialism and casualism in imperial states.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi5sXLx7mLmCFWfNyz6fbqesaVGubjk2VPfCdyuqiiluNealGaIr65SKft1qFRniXrTJtHyPOzQd5s0_i-bAVeDelpYufOyrkhwTgKA13JwLpwz7kksj-IKoR8VkVS2Huiov0Xoln0TW_UMTysA-TtPYrn2lHlNKKRMfxj8tCnXdNLTyzyu9pCyF8ke3w=s1062"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi5sXLx7mLmCFWfNyz6fbqesaVGubjk2VPfCdyuqiiluNealGaIr65SKft1qFRniXrTJtHyPOzQd5s0_i-bAVeDelpYufOyrkhwTgKA13JwLpwz7kksj-IKoR8VkVS2Huiov0Xoln0TW_UMTysA-TtPYrn2lHlNKKRMfxj8tCnXdNLTyzyu9pCyF8ke3w=w351-h451" /></a></span><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">The world is on course to repeat those earlier seasonal monsoon interruptions again, with peoples of color targeted today by the national, global and planetary entanglements much more densely populated than heretofore. The resulting civil wars, famine, and migration drives could also foster renewed fascist drives in several Euro-American states. With the latter, of course, carrying severe consequences for race, class, gender, sexual diversity, and democracy within temperate zone regimes. You might think of the processes in question as a series of cascading human and nohuman causalities, where the bumpy flows scramble the sociocentrism that still prevails in too much of social theory. A variety of theorists such as Dipesh Chakrabarty, Kathryn Yussoff, Brian Fagan, Anna Tsing, and Donna Haraway are exploring these issues. At Hopkins theorists such as P.J. Brendese, Bentley Allan, Dan Deudney, Jane Bennett, Naveeda Khan and I have been involved, probably others too.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"> The favorite response to the Anthropocene of those techno-neoliberals who do admit that there is an issue is to seed millions of particles in the sky to block the most damaging rays coming in. That "solution" allows offending states to retain the systems of production and consumption now in place. But it, in all likelihood, will produce a permanent white sky over regimes in the north and block monsoons over Africa and India.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjhT1NBLlJzhPnJmZvb6eCH3tndjuyDrT9ajYz_xy9OVg_-NHeXP0cXgNQ2xiDMBJ0H0lx8Go-yJFA4E5gQ5BeYKZ9HSitTwCPJsBBf_bUTzy6lUMwFbAAr6ZtdwNOwF4jGZD5tsIJ5D5IjK7Z54y1IeXkA6VOYM7AuH3VAGWPFwtzQgSCiEqKY-Vb-og=s900"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjhT1NBLlJzhPnJmZvb6eCH3tndjuyDrT9ajYz_xy9OVg_-NHeXP0cXgNQ2xiDMBJ0H0lx8Go-yJFA4E5gQ5BeYKZ9HSitTwCPJsBBf_bUTzy6lUMwFbAAr6ZtdwNOwF4jGZD5tsIJ5D5IjK7Z54y1IeXkA6VOYM7AuH3VAGWPFwtzQgSCiEqKY-Vb-og=w523-h408" /></a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">Moving to Gulf nations and the United States, some authors study the little ice age, with one of its probable sources in the slowing of the ocean conveyor and its severe impact on First Peoples and the European invaders of North America. And today, it is obvious that more intense and long-lasting hurricanes assault Caribbean states brutally, as well as southern cities in the United states populated significantly by people of color. Again, they exert devastating effects upon the very populaces who leave a small carbon imprint on the earth.<br /> If you turn to accelerating polar glacier melts--each marked by nonhuman amplifiers of several sorts such as the reduced albedo rate of melted ice, algae growth on surface water, and the flow of water down moulins to grease glacier flows--the immediate effects are significant for native American populations in the north and pacific islanders who, once again, both make hardly any contribution to global C02 and methane accumulations.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjm73DNC1-GU0lzx-Bk5V9XZR318uBr5g_9yobmuf6X4MhBfHl03jr1J1m4LsO4DAmXEUUgq4qQZ9RrHskh02Zlrvdkj3GEmGiRo-yWlmPNVuBO2HfjjgSBTNTBs83zHgP2gdcoh8hivMpOTuQxJ1K8koZS-I2f_QTk8PksJSFxmipLaVmfe8rsUJ8vpA=s512"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjm73DNC1-GU0lzx-Bk5V9XZR318uBr5g_9yobmuf6X4MhBfHl03jr1J1m4LsO4DAmXEUUgq4qQZ9RrHskh02Zlrvdkj3GEmGiRo-yWlmPNVuBO2HfjjgSBTNTBs83zHgP2gdcoh8hivMpOTuQxJ1K8koZS-I2f_QTk8PksJSFxmipLaVmfe8rsUJ8vpA=w539-h400" /></a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">These planetary circuits become entangled with global power dynamics. To articulate one ironic example, today, in the midst of sporadic attempts by temperate capitalist states to create more electric vehicles to reduce carbon emissions, cobalt has become an extremely valuable metal for the millions of batteries needed to power electric vehicles. Much of the cobalt is concentrated in the Congo, where the United States once controlled many of the mines and China dominates them today. The expansion of cobalt mining has uprooted locals there, as the land underneath their houses gives way. And the dangers to workers grow by the month.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjYDZ7j2CWAOKdsFQEA1DcVrHI1zxm1P6cZeXTnBRmfiPkSUsuDWkOnbBSirM7irUqExTe73xuZfriJYzWMFKR1r1hqFgfBrPuZq0osstGE8bRbKpUpOG6LBF2As1HHswN6QrcXGqmUQj12adxSagMraPBHZGsutjQFogtw5LIC06N91uu3OQCIEnAbWg=s1000"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjYDZ7j2CWAOKdsFQEA1DcVrHI1zxm1P6cZeXTnBRmfiPkSUsuDWkOnbBSirM7irUqExTe73xuZfriJYzWMFKR1r1hqFgfBrPuZq0osstGE8bRbKpUpOG6LBF2As1HHswN6QrcXGqmUQj12adxSagMraPBHZGsutjQFogtw5LIC06N91uu3OQCIEnAbWg=w583-h389" /></a><br /><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">I am pleased to say that several former students in theory from Hopkins now make significant contributions to the study of intersections between vast carbon releases of temperate, capitalist states, the planetary dynamics that distribute them cross-regionally, the power dynamics that further concentrate racial modes of suffering, and the fascist dangers the whole dynamic poses within temperate states. All of these intellectuals have outgrown the assumptions of sociocentrism and planetary gradualism that previously hindered such work. As intellectuals, they follow the course of a problem where it takes them, even when it means exploring bumpy intersections between capitalism, race, empire, and nonhuman planetary processes. Besides those mentioned earlier I note in this regard former theory students from Hopkins sprinkled around the world such as Dorothy Kwek, Anatoli Ignatov, Adam Culver, Jishnu Guha-Majumdar, Stephanie Erev, Franziska Strack, Cara New Daggett, Jairus Grove, Chad Shomura, Lars Tonder, Derek Denman, Kellan Anfinson, and Nobutaka Otobe, with others to be heard from soon who are now completing their dissertation research.<br /> A group of Australian earth scientists recently published a report announcing that nine of the fifteen climate planetary tipping points have now been crossed. A tipping point, as you know, speeds up and intensifies the cascade of causalities that preceded it, breaking with classical conceptions of individuated causality. An accelerated cascade in turn, upon settling into a new equilibrium, is not typically reversed for centuries.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj41OAtG-e_G7ssudJczCHT0MWjg50QPhDNoI9Sci1aKciqhXjULCw92e30uNzX2sela-qqRDad3n_OA5UpLlI5ZqhkzqmpmDagGNBzQeQ6VsXFxIqPP2fu8avLJSzeJikQGTbDDqxV5pRA1ZPmOVVpQeQjIOHR6SB-Ck6Qf-LESG32CUMfsjnpcu-QEw=s1200"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj41OAtG-e_G7ssudJczCHT0MWjg50QPhDNoI9Sci1aKciqhXjULCw92e30uNzX2sela-qqRDad3n_OA5UpLlI5ZqhkzqmpmDagGNBzQeQ6VsXFxIqPP2fu8avLJSzeJikQGTbDDqxV5pRA1ZPmOVVpQeQjIOHR6SB-Ck6Qf-LESG32CUMfsjnpcu-QEw=w551-h351" /></a><br /><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">Today, then, you can’t proceed far in studying the bumpy dynamics of the Anthropocene without addressing the dynamics of capital, race and empire with which it is entangled; you can’t proceed far in studying global racial dynamics without addressing the asymmetrical planetary event recently known as the Anthropocene.</span><div><div><div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>Jairus Victor Grovehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15030715466285389226noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6056235652294517694.post-31944738835473328442021-08-24T06:18:00.008-07:002021-08-24T07:19:25.890-07:00Dipesh Chakrabarty, the Global, and the Planetary<span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: x-large; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1q_DHgbP0nhy_GipNAAnMPHTGCugAcqgYcszWzax0wDFGTyVuggmoIvWYRsSAIgEUqFMQmzjHqljDy90LZSoFVau49BTacCsNnkokPjbeBD5PIsS29MKBW2QWKsRQGOW_PLMRYtE7xabD/s640/FullSizeRender.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="581" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1q_DHgbP0nhy_GipNAAnMPHTGCugAcqgYcszWzax0wDFGTyVuggmoIvWYRsSAIgEUqFMQmzjHqljDy90LZSoFVau49BTacCsNnkokPjbeBD5PIsS29MKBW2QWKsRQGOW_PLMRYtE7xabD/s320/FullSizeRender.jpg" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="font-family: georgia;">William E. Connolly, </span></b><span style="font-family: georgia;">author of</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;"><b> </b><a href="https://www.dukeupress.edu/facing-the-planetary">Facing the Planetary</a> and of <a href="https://www.dukeupress.edu/climate-machines-fascist-drives-and-truth">Climate Machines, Fascist Drives, and Truth</a>. </span><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;"><i>The Climate of History in a Planetary Age</i>, by Dipesh Chakrabarty, is in my judgment the most compelling and encompassing book by a humanist on the complexities and asymmetries of the Anthropocene to date. Let me start by listing a few of its essential contributions and challenges to the humanities, and then hazard a couple of ways that it might be augmented.<br /><br />
First, Chakrabarty continually keeps our eyes, ears and feelings focused on the interdependencies and tensions between the global and the planetary. The global emerges as the invaluable focus by postcolonial and Marxist theories of the effects of capitalist imperialism and colonization, both on the colonizers and colonized. Attention to the global is crucial, but until recently its purveyors have ignored the ways volatile planetary forces set on deep time such as monsoon interruptions, ocean conveyor shifts, volcanic interruptions, asteroid hits, extinction events, glacier melts, drought patterns and so on become imbricated with national and global human histories.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;"><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB-YRZ3FKjIcP_jsLJxHMdmOuCWx3K4GmIYK-66vTenM4vvYrB6sQbnDP2UJWqwVLhDNCY2vDeJga2J174D061MNpByO4uWBskxrPprFJoXlW5nbz1EzmidElP-BOuPJhlOLHDVxAiiUQ/s1290/Chakrabarty+cover.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1290" data-original-width="860" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB-YRZ3FKjIcP_jsLJxHMdmOuCWx3K4GmIYK-66vTenM4vvYrB6sQbnDP2UJWqwVLhDNCY2vDeJga2J174D061MNpByO4uWBskxrPprFJoXlW5nbz1EzmidElP-BOuPJhlOLHDVxAiiUQ/w426-h640/Chakrabarty+cover.jpg" width="426" /></a></div></span><span style="font-size: x-large;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;"><span>Temporalities set on very different scales and vectors of time periodically intersect. Chakrabarty sometimes suggests that awareness of the planetary arose recently during the advent of the Anthropocene, intensified by the pandemic as the double crossing of a virus across two species. I would add that in what might be called the minor tradition of western thought a certain awareness of periodic planetary volatilities has been enunciated. I note the Theophany in the <i>Book of Job</i>, Hesiod’s <i>Theogony</i>, Sophocles, Lucretius and later Nietzsche as key cases in point. Danowsky and de Castro in <i>The Ends of the Earth</i> also show how this awareness is distributed in traditions of indigenous thought. What we encounter today mostly in Euro-American thought, then, is actually a form of awakening after the long period of cultural forgetting and denialism expressed most recently in theo-secular debates between Arendt, Heidegger, Tagore, Schmitt, Kant, Nehru, and others Chakrabarty reviews so compellingly. To me, the debating partners suppressed an alternative transcending their terms of debate.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCdMjZ2aY2gJQEuVA2bFpN8Rf4xL39XmymyxeR77N6oNLwDRkQy5jCVKgLod7CN5A0UH6tCGJGdMTwwCWzDKFOascT0Ynvw7I0QfLaQo0-tvzLDobDTtioor2bZT6JROcde7Tie1Fz8C8/s1140/anthropocene+fire.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1140" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCdMjZ2aY2gJQEuVA2bFpN8Rf4xL39XmymyxeR77N6oNLwDRkQy5jCVKgLod7CN5A0UH6tCGJGdMTwwCWzDKFOascT0Ynvw7I0QfLaQo0-tvzLDobDTtioor2bZT6JROcde7Tie1Fz8C8/w640-h280/anthropocene+fire.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;"><span>Second Chakrabarty theme: extractive capitalism has played the most critical role in fomenting triggers to the Anthropocene as well as in helping to ensure that its worst early effects are imposed upon minorities within old capitalist states and upon tropical, semi-tropical and polar regions outside those states. But a focus on capitalism, while essential, is still insufficient. A large number of its critics within the old states and in decolonializing regions, Chakrabarty says, have also focused on promoting economic growth, fostering productivity, expanding classical modes of consumption and promoting mastery over the earth. These operative orientations are anti-capitalist, but they still embrace variants of a civilization of productivity and abundance, broadly construed. This means that while neoliberal capitalism, in particular, must be transformed to respond to the Anthropocene, classical ideals of socialist and communist productivism need to be reworked too. That combination poses a massive challenge. Chakrabarty’s critique of Jason Moore reflects the challenge. I will only add that, in my judgment, one source of aspirational fascist movements in so many countries today—-I note the United States, Brazil, the UK, Poland, Hungary as examples--is that many white members of the working class both sense that The Anthropocene poses a radical challenge to old projections into the future and mistrust alternative ideals advanced to respond to it. Fascism is a danger in this time tied to disavowed awareness of the Anthropocene amid adamant commitment to neoliberal capitalism under unfavorable planetary conditions. Neoliberalism both fosters periodic crises and invites fascist responses to them.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;"><span> </span></span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAnkPEc0g-ZwoSeQsQXm8x1GxMURfAyakV0-byAQFddlh2oXQGCOFEVgeMAG1LJOmGpSV4YiW2NptOadw_MQWLVzu6AcsfA3HhfZVAH5H0Ho6LZU_5bGDU_YfwA_Wlbl1HrWjmeT-3lgk/s1279/World+of+Tar.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="795" data-original-width="1279" height="398" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAnkPEc0g-ZwoSeQsQXm8x1GxMURfAyakV0-byAQFddlh2oXQGCOFEVgeMAG1LJOmGpSV4YiW2NptOadw_MQWLVzu6AcsfA3HhfZVAH5H0Ho6LZU_5bGDU_YfwA_Wlbl1HrWjmeT-3lgk/w640-h398/World+of+Tar.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div><p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;"><span><br />Third, in discussing the power of the Indian caste system Chakrabarty begins to explore how caste orientations are embedded not only institutionally sanctioned privileges but also in what might be called the visceral register of cultural life. It is overdetermined. The visceral register can sometimes be in tension with refined, deliberative articulations. Collective patterns of disgust, for instance, can become embodied in institutional dependence upon the Dalit mixed with a foreboding sense of the danger they impose to the health and dignity of the upper classes. We are “porous bodies” Chakrabarty insists; commitments to growth, productivity, and classical infrastructures of consumption have also become engrained in subject/object relations within the institutions to which we are habituated. I have affluent male friends, to cite one very modest instance, who tell me that the silence of electric cars distresses them. Others may find that preparing compost every day mildly disgusting. <i>To come to terms with the Anthropocene means, in part, to retrain the visceral register of cultural life, including differential, visceral habits of attraction, expectation, and disgust engrained in us.</i> I only add that this register of culture is also critical to the fascist dangers of today, as white working and lower middle class constituencies already pressed by job insecurities express visceral resistance to reformation of habitual practices with uncertain consequences for them in the future. I very much appreciate the attention to this issue by Chakrabarty--and now adopting the stance of the demanding reviewer—-I want to hear more. Disgust is ineliminable from life, but its cultural foci and intensities can be retrained by tactical means.</span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGe4pMCenpj_2_dQeyvuRpXCDSVml9QJ9e1gYXhgJ0A7f_kCkMmFK7AG4vtGlSQqhK-VgGQ6EQt4DM6PI1OAPxYmtpIGK3CODaaCACuCrANj30bSlms7ANgQ0zE_WQM9VKR9q8iFkampw/s1673/Q+shaman.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="935" data-original-width="1673" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGe4pMCenpj_2_dQeyvuRpXCDSVml9QJ9e1gYXhgJ0A7f_kCkMmFK7AG4vtGlSQqhK-VgGQ6EQt4DM6PI1OAPxYmtpIGK3CODaaCACuCrANj30bSlms7ANgQ0zE_WQM9VKR9q8iFkampw/w640-h358/Q+shaman.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div><p><span style="font-size: x-large;"> <br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;"><span>Fourth, classical notions of “the political”, particularly in western thought--but perhaps not only there—-prove to be insufficient to the obdurate challenges of the Anthropocene today. Arendt’s notion, for example, presupposes the earth as a rather stable background allowing a territorially privileged plurality of human beings to spawn a creative result under carefully crafted conditions. It does not speak closely to the volatility of planetary processes, both in themselves and in relation to triggers pulled by the history of capitalist CO2 and methane emissions. Schmitt, to me, is worse, with his drives to intensify friend/enemy conflicts in pursuit of a fascist nation compromising his late attention to the Nomos of the earth. Many others also spawn images of the political that fail to cope with the spatial scales and temporal multiplicities of the Anthropocene. I call them sociocentric.</span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEE-LhxWpVqthbuEKGzbSrzcXb6AHLI4YJvEVDHw8eeOCMKh22mtApNMMJdyGfIdtYhrdpOI6r5qaZPLY_kcEcw2tWmUFt-6Lic2J4DQ8CeSvRlofc68XwztC0g1HF7l-R2ehn9c37x0A/s900/facing+the+planetary.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="600" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEE-LhxWpVqthbuEKGzbSrzcXb6AHLI4YJvEVDHw8eeOCMKh22mtApNMMJdyGfIdtYhrdpOI6r5qaZPLY_kcEcw2tWmUFt-6Lic2J4DQ8CeSvRlofc68XwztC0g1HF7l-R2ehn9c37x0A/w426-h640/facing+the+planetary.jpg" width="426" /></a></span></div><p>
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">So, four themes in Chakrabarty to be taken on board by those who seek to respond to the profound, urgent, and asymmetrical challenges of Anthropocene acceleration. They are enough to make us dizzy. And perhaps they provide hints about some sources of climate denialism and casualism today. Denialism is intense refusal to admit publicly that human induced rapid climate change is real, even when your own experience suggests it to be so. The doubling is what gives the phenomenon its intensity. It is anchored in a visceral fear of how you and your constituency would fare if the radical adjustments proposed are undertaken. That response is bolstered in some evangelical circles by insisting it is a sin against God’s cosmic governance to assert that a human civilization could alter nature in this way; it is intensified by high roller capitalist elites in a demand to project a system of profit and extreme inequality into the future anchored in fossil extraction, immense profits, and mastery of nature—-a combination the rollers themselves suspect to be unsustainable. These two spiritualities come together in the United States, at least, in an evangelical/neoliberal resonance machine that blocks every effort to respond to the Anthropocene.</span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2iTk-zrLDEik9TnnXHpFP_5gbqSWDpfq1yDG-uwSVBY-yegN2yScg92b5LgXZO-ZzPcnda0veYe8HIFpA8hnxeko3cb5xNVFWFH1sSUvDjf8Ro7S5N4N52xvC7_6wMh-Qv5H-J8z7icA/s887/Exxon+Knew.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="550" data-original-width="887" height="396" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2iTk-zrLDEik9TnnXHpFP_5gbqSWDpfq1yDG-uwSVBY-yegN2yScg92b5LgXZO-ZzPcnda0veYe8HIFpA8hnxeko3cb5xNVFWFH1sSUvDjf8Ro7S5N4N52xvC7_6wMh-Qv5H-J8z7icA/w640-h396/Exxon+Knew.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></span></div><p><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Climate casualists, on the other hand, acknowledge climate change, but the acknowledgement does not sink deeply into the cultural register of belief and orientations to action. They find the topic depressing and move on quickly. Climate casualists are what Nietzsche might call passive nihilists: they acknowledge on the register of refined belief the Anthropocene; but that acknowledgement is immobilized by a series of old remnants lodged on the visceral register of cultural habit. The remnants form conceptually crude and affectively intense pre-orientations to action.</span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqDX75PLzaK7OIoBzc9dfB-5k0LRza6umaup_38NOVz6_z5CCnz6ZM9M3W2m2YfXh6x2a8RDxLjW6ghbRgYdIMHwQQxik6KK_TFwayUOnfHr6foa1Ge7RCiUD2yQvlYY9lI_gXJcGZxBg/s1600/windmill+strip+mine.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1066" data-original-width="1600" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqDX75PLzaK7OIoBzc9dfB-5k0LRza6umaup_38NOVz6_z5CCnz6ZM9M3W2m2YfXh6x2a8RDxLjW6ghbRgYdIMHwQQxik6KK_TFwayUOnfHr6foa1Ge7RCiUD2yQvlYY9lI_gXJcGZxBg/w640-h426/windmill+strip+mine.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div><p><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">So, four invaluable themes by Chakrabarty: the volatile relations of the global and the planetary; the penetration of ends attached to a non-capitalist civilization of productivity in some post-colonial theories; the severe limits of classical notions of the political; and the role in these debates and struggles of the visceral register of cultural life.<br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">I would now like to propose two possible augmentations to the analysis by Chakrabarty of the contemporary condition.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">
First, sprinkled throughout this text are various references to the insufficiency of contending models of time and temporality to encounters with the bumpy relations between the global and the planetary. The idea, I think, is not only a dominant modern model of time is wrong, but that classical and modern debates about time also need to be reworked. There are for instance, cyclical views of time found in the western geologies of Buffon and others, as well as variants in several nonwestern regions. There are, as well, linear images of time, sometimes linked to tendencies toward progress but not always so. Within this last domain there are those such as Descartes, Newton and Einstein who focus on time as a series of disparate instants and those such as Bergson and Whitehead who do or can claim human experiences of duration give us indispensable clues, too, about viral temporalities, monsoon temporalities, ocean conveyor temporalities, glacier temporalities, and so on. The latter, however, in ways that recall Heidegger and Merleau-Ponty, tend to project the automatic tendency of these diverse temporalities to harmonize over the long term, and that, therefore, that they are predisposed in the last instance to human well-being.</span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfi1XwN_GCbNC9bCM4eTEgtPDPFRn0B5nVI3Syud39bt_Y3ZEHOo4aPl-HkC1mKfQU9LiTR1tn78F5Lux8_e8tdduq08y-Bycl8frZdqzn3SwRJResHQfyNHyuhx_LHB1Q3qSJM7930Yk/s1259/Flooding+germany.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="705" data-original-width="1259" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfi1XwN_GCbNC9bCM4eTEgtPDPFRn0B5nVI3Syud39bt_Y3ZEHOo4aPl-HkC1mKfQU9LiTR1tn78F5Lux8_e8tdduq08y-Bycl8frZdqzn3SwRJResHQfyNHyuhx_LHB1Q3qSJM7930Yk/w640-h358/Flooding+germany.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div> <br /> <p><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Theorists such as Michel Serres, Gilles Deleuze, Stephen Gould, and I, however, try to excavate and rework this last assumption. We appreciate clock time—-extending from the time of your morning shower and first class to the deep time of the earth now measured at around 4.5 billion years. Tick, tock, tick, tock. We experience duration. And we also, in ways that do not contradict the first experiences, add what might be called evental time to the list. Evental time periodically interrupts both cyclical and linear temporalities. It can interrupt cycles such as the seasons, the eleven year cycle of sunspot variations, or even changes in the wobble of the earth. And it can interrupt the very long period of advance in dinosaur dominance or the much shorter period of dominance by extractive capitalism. An event, so conceived, occurs when an unexpected happening transforms future expectations and extrapolations. Or when many freeze because they refuse to allow such turns to elicit new extrapolations, ethical stances and political efforts. Evental time turns anticipatory time. <br /><br /></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKKGi4cQlm8_faV79EydExB4e0U4OK84T7R0BmYIEaN1pPakXoFA1KbGq8FDJGg7pMTuB9-_8G1crQ3cN5_zzMLGG6jgbnGPa454_UD1BMt6CjfPhxX7dgTifzseHSg6NjaRa65v67sw4/s1100/microplastics.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="619" data-original-width="1100" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKKGi4cQlm8_faV79EydExB4e0U4OK84T7R0BmYIEaN1pPakXoFA1KbGq8FDJGg7pMTuB9-_8G1crQ3cN5_zzMLGG6jgbnGPa454_UD1BMt6CjfPhxX7dgTifzseHSg6NjaRa65v67sw4/w640-h360/microplastics.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div><p><br /><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Such turning events are not always unpredictable in principle. They might sometimes merely stand outside operative horizons of attention, as that recent double viral crossing did in Wuhan. Other events may be, however, either because they exceed current scientific capacities to explain tipping points or because they involve real moments of creativity in the world. These are interruptions in the commonly projected future of, say, capitalism, seasons, climate, glacier flows or drought zones, occasioned by intersections between two or more temporalities moving on different vectors, speeds and capacities. A few examples may be pertinent.<br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">When the orbit of the earth intersected with another planet moving on a different pattern perhaps 4.1 billion years ago, the moon was formed and the density of the planet’s mantle became imbalanced. <i>Theia</i>, some geologists now believe, also deposited “carbonaceous material” on the earth, from which oceans were later formed and life became possible. The jury is still out on that last claim, but it would be a huge turning event if true.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">
</span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3bQEMebY753HiC6LohkhI6_G-SM4e56kN6Hxdsb79FF3zxHLQf3HGgTfbDockhSVD_xa_VHDsy00uOWa9ylpnG1ajJshxce0MKDDVrVs6DgsXjV8qEedTU606I6s9t5CzmpV5H7B9OOM/s989/moon-formation.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="742" data-original-width="989" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3bQEMebY753HiC6LohkhI6_G-SM4e56kN6Hxdsb79FF3zxHLQf3HGgTfbDockhSVD_xa_VHDsy00uOWa9ylpnG1ajJshxce0MKDDVrVs6DgsXjV8qEedTU606I6s9t5CzmpV5H7B9OOM/w640-h480/moon-formation.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div><p><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;"><span>Another: About 250 million years ago in clock time eruptions in the Siberian flats heated the earth’s atmosphere; that warming event in turn probably released massive amounts of methane in Antarctica. The collision between three temporalities—-i.e., an event--probably set off the biggest mass extinction of life on earth, turning the course of future species evolution.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;"><span>
About 12,700 years ago, the ocean conveyor system, set on a cyclical temporality that had been in play for a few million years, collided with other flows and was brought to a sudden stop, creating a new ice age.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;"><span>
About 124 years ago (1897-99) seasonal monsoons (cyclical time) were interrupted over large parts of Indian, African and Asian regions. The interruption seemed to follow an intensification of El-Ninos over the Pacific and a shift in the intensity and absorbing capacity of western trade winds. These results were followed by incredible neglect by the British Empire of the famines that resulted. Four intersecting temporalities.</span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX4rIkRVFlX4KBB-EFXlvdfG8bpdx53D0suOgteJDdHSqJ4fNGL5epAJO8pG2HzJTTk7hGwBWWc0pzKEnXTso6sTaY9jcj43XhGMqOgDjsb2_gBHBwZnAmh5oc-tttrWmG5pOQm1jmwvc/s1249/2020+hurrican+season.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="661" data-original-width="1249" height="338" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX4rIkRVFlX4KBB-EFXlvdfG8bpdx53D0suOgteJDdHSqJ4fNGL5epAJO8pG2HzJTTk7hGwBWWc0pzKEnXTso6sTaY9jcj43XhGMqOgDjsb2_gBHBwZnAmh5oc-tttrWmG5pOQm1jmwvc/w640-h338/2020+hurrican+season.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div><p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;"><span>
<br />The above sampling is highly incomplete. But an event may now emerge as the confluence of two or more temporalities—-the temporalities can be civilizational, planetary or both—-turning a previously projected course to the future. This all may suggest that both cyclical and linear/progressive images of time need amendment. Both can be interrupted by evental time at surprising junctures. The Anthropocene is one of those junctures.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;"><span>
Finally, it may be timely to speak more sharply to the issue of political activism during the Anthropocene. Chakrabarty may think, I don’t know, that there are so many cultural assumptions to rethink that this issue should be put on hold for a while. However, the truth in that point deflates a second truth: the high probability that “we” have only six or seven years to act militantly before the cascading effects of the Anthropocene overwhelm several regions, setting into motion new refugee flows, wars, civil wars, and dangerous fascist reactions by old capitalist states. So, it is now urgent to pursue a set of <i>improbable necessities within and across several regions</i>, <i>improbable </i>because so many capitalist, theological, and cultural forces resist them; <i>necessary</i> because of the urgency of time.</span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP_0Owy83evV7RSXVQDJzKgyyLmWmdUF-Vd1B9Takq6X-5uv7P654bpFEDOUjbxbPcAx7x-VhXK0Hon1HVPpRpdAijCaYFvFs3uTmqCMcYsUEhUA9dKSbO-DG5gJD_WKbBMw1ZEKFeTNo/s1600/Keep-it-in-the-ground.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1199" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP_0Owy83evV7RSXVQDJzKgyyLmWmdUF-Vd1B9Takq6X-5uv7P654bpFEDOUjbxbPcAx7x-VhXK0Hon1HVPpRpdAijCaYFvFs3uTmqCMcYsUEhUA9dKSbO-DG5gJD_WKbBMw1ZEKFeTNo/w640-h480/Keep-it-in-the-ground.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div><p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;"><span><br />As Chakrabarty knows above all there is no simple “we” with respect to cross regional citizen strategies to put pressure on states and regions. Variations of circumstance are far too radical for that. To get the ball rolling, then, I will review thoughts about a politics of swarming to be initiated within and across old capitalist states, inviting others to extend and/or modify these themes with respect to other regions.<br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;"><span>You move, first, through a variety of <i>role experiments</i> with others at work, your household, your locality, your temple, your university, etc. Such interventions both change collective practices modestly, and they work on the visceral register of culture to prepare activists for more expansive actions later. Role experiments thus perform double duty. Changes in consumption, recycling, composting, invitations to speakers at your temple or school, curriculum, establishing institutional beacons of carbon neutrality, etc. are key here. Following that, you <i>intensify participation in elections and public demonstrations</i>, where this is possible. And, finally, building on those energies already in play you initiate <i>cross-regional general strikes</i> to challenge existing practices of production and consumption now in place in old capitalist states. Such strikes will involve withdrawal from work, radical reductions of consumption by those able to do so for a period of time, and intensive lobbying of state, temple, corporate, and educational institutions. The cross-regional character of such actions would impose pressure on old capitalist states from the inside and outside at the same time. I pose such a set of improbable necessities, again, in part to encourage others to push other proposals, amid the unwillingness of many states, regions, churches, and corporations to do act. Silence on the issue is not an option. Neither is mere critique of this or that positive strategic proposal. Alternative positivities are needed, given the urgency of time… </span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWTfnL6mTK_duCot16Y3DrhJeU0RtkDj_he73OgXq5221q2i6yqizLkbSGECBCTS01ec77el2cACUiEOev5xTbvdhKlQ1nyViwA7JTNsq2X33U0Rj0Mw2IiLEPe2tWI4qUadiczkB7qA4/s1181/Climate+march.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="603" data-original-width="1181" height="326" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWTfnL6mTK_duCot16Y3DrhJeU0RtkDj_he73OgXq5221q2i6yqizLkbSGECBCTS01ec77el2cACUiEOev5xTbvdhKlQ1nyViwA7JTNsq2X33U0Rj0Mw2IiLEPe2tWI4qUadiczkB7qA4/w640-h326/Climate+march.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: x-large;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;"><span><br />Part of the challenge to the global and the planetary during acceleration of the Anthropocene is to devise and enact political strategies that outstrip an old set insufficient to this era. For that reason, and others already noted, I appreciate the food for thought offered by this timely book.
</span></span></span>Derek Denmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11790693849406992144noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6056235652294517694.post-15051677839766537212021-07-07T14:43:00.004-07:002021-07-07T14:46:27.263-07:00Michel Serres, Evental Time and Cultural Denialism<span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: x-large; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1q_DHgbP0nhy_GipNAAnMPHTGCugAcqgYcszWzax0wDFGTyVuggmoIvWYRsSAIgEUqFMQmzjHqljDy90LZSoFVau49BTacCsNnkokPjbeBD5PIsS29MKBW2QWKsRQGOW_PLMRYtE7xabD/s640/FullSizeRender.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="581" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1q_DHgbP0nhy_GipNAAnMPHTGCugAcqgYcszWzax0wDFGTyVuggmoIvWYRsSAIgEUqFMQmzjHqljDy90LZSoFVau49BTacCsNnkokPjbeBD5PIsS29MKBW2QWKsRQGOW_PLMRYtE7xabD/s320/FullSizeRender.jpg" /></a></div><b><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">William E. Connolly</span></b></span><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.dukeupress.edu/facing-the-planetary">Facing the Planetary</a> and <a href="https://www.dukeupress.edu/climate-machines-fascist-drives-and-truth">Climate Machines, Fascist Drives, and Truth</a>. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br />Time, says Michael Serres, neither consists of a uniform, singular flow nor a linear repetition of instants that curve under the influence of gravity, as Einstein had insisted. Both images are too streamlined, too invested with eagerness either to commune with a benign world or to master a unilinear one. Break, break, my friends the obdurate hold of both images. They are killing us. Commitment to them today fosters cultural rage in the face of events that rattle them.</span><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHV1TQP_IOD5pYJS_ac6A6rFSxUnY-Gd_u3kfPmh2mEg0Nb_UPJl7CJgiRFuiF588Xs7WG-rGCxbwtY2tVhmE1nM-S2pGPudGAsVIJtWKeEwX1JRFyZdrffrixS7ipFgdmyGwSLXq_R66b/s2340/The-Persistence-of-Memory-1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="880" data-original-width="2340" height="223" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHV1TQP_IOD5pYJS_ac6A6rFSxUnY-Gd_u3kfPmh2mEg0Nb_UPJl7CJgiRFuiF588Xs7WG-rGCxbwtY2tVhmE1nM-S2pGPudGAsVIJtWKeEwX1JRFyZdrffrixS7ipFgdmyGwSLXq_R66b/w597-h223/The-Persistence-of-Memory-1.jpg" width="597" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">You might, Serres says, start by beginning to appreciate how time “percolates”. That image turns us first to think about the turbulence and steam emanating from boiling water. But Serres extends it to ponder the bumpiness of streams and rivers. Indeed, when first encountering the metaphor I was drawn back to the stick races I used to stage with my children on this or that bubbling creek. One well designed stick would take a lead and then find itself whirling around in an eddie. Then it might turn with the flow and be blocked by a pile of rocks and branches before, if the youngster rooting on the bank were lucky, it pulled out. It might even flow back upstream for a while in the midst of a subcurrent or sink into a whirlpool only to pop up somewhere else soon. The winner of the race was not always the one with the stick best fitted to move with a stable current by weight, length, volume and density, though those features induced some advantages. Many other contingencies entered into the fray. Time percolates, even if you start with a river or a stream as the image to inform your thinking. Suppose, too, downstream there is a waterfall, pulling the water at an increasingly rapid rate until it pours over the precipice.</span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiMwjb_Pem3tBkwEQdT1aR4wLbKpVKaHf0kT32LyE_D3ZT2E31Vdu93O8HTJgsFveead3KUowIPcRFkTdB3fM7e8OY5uu99bUfk2jfTAB3PCiG-0OL5_cbp7_KUuMzIla5lGI-fXeSR7PC/s1126/1024px-line5066-flickr-noaa-photo-library.webp" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="749" data-original-width="1126" height="252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiMwjb_Pem3tBkwEQdT1aR4wLbKpVKaHf0kT32LyE_D3ZT2E31Vdu93O8HTJgsFveead3KUowIPcRFkTdB3fM7e8OY5uu99bUfk2jfTAB3PCiG-0OL5_cbp7_KUuMzIla5lGI-fXeSR7PC/w535-h252/1024px-line5066-flickr-noaa-photo-library.webp" width="535" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">Here are a few things Serres says:</span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">“Time percolates more than it flows.”<a href="applewebdata://F632F220-432B-4475-8D75-761660C15B22#_edn1">[I]</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">“Sea, forest, rumor, noise, society, life, works and days, all common multiples…I am trying to think the multiple as such, to let it wash along without arresting it through unity…I am now trying to rethink time as a pure multiplicity.”<a href="applewebdata://F632F220-432B-4475-8D75-761660C15B22#_edn2">[ii]</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">“…like the percolating basin of a glacial river, unceasingly changing its bed and showing an admirable network of forks, some of which freeze and silt up, while others open up.”<a href="applewebdata://F632F220-432B-4475-8D75-761660C15B22#_edn3">[iii]</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">“I am disquieted, therefore I exist.”<a href="applewebdata://F632F220-432B-4475-8D75-761660C15B22#_edn4">[iv]</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">“…time flows in an extraordinarily complex, unexpected, complicated way…; it folds or twists; it is as various as the dance of flames in a brazier—here interrupted, there vertical, there mobile and unexpected.”<a href="applewebdata://F632F220-432B-4475-8D75-761660C15B22#_edn5">[v]</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">“For whatever praise you may hear, whatever love you may profess for the sea and mountains, the desert or marshes, plants and animals, nature doesn’t behave as a friend to humans or even their symbiont. By means of waves, fire, typhoons, poisoning, or devouring, it kills as calmly as bodies fall and eagles eat lambs.”<a href="applewebdata://F632F220-432B-4475-8D75-761660C15B22#_edn6">[vi]</a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXmMlcTGsC2zULLZYm5yE3gd8bh5AUeG8FbJoa2J6u7yQrdeoeAEiPCk9tKp3Ajg5O8YGRNHwqonxBUgY5i7FaCZNUEJbfDn_Ry3rEAwt9yhTwQGYcURXYANoiGuIV8sIGvLf00xbiSxWn/s500/april_enjoy1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="265" data-original-width="500" height="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXmMlcTGsC2zULLZYm5yE3gd8bh5AUeG8FbJoa2J6u7yQrdeoeAEiPCk9tKp3Ajg5O8YGRNHwqonxBUgY5i7FaCZNUEJbfDn_Ry3rEAwt9yhTwQGYcURXYANoiGuIV8sIGvLf00xbiSxWn/w446-h241/april_enjoy1.jpg" width="446" /></span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">Serres tries to break the existential hold old images have over binary logics in general and the primacy of the mastery/organic debates about time in particular. The logics depress attention to messy processes of becoming; the debates block exploration of another alternative. Serres teaches us to master the will to mastery, first, because it cannot succeed and, second, because it fails to respond to the grandeur of that of which we ourselves are an intrinsic part. The nihilism with which many respond to the last sentences quoted here from Serres is, to Serres, a sign that they have not gotten over the profound disappointment that their favored images of time do not fit well rocky experiences they have themselves encountered. Confidence in eternal salvation or the indefinite advance of capitalism may hang in the balance. It is this disappointment that we are ethically enjoined to overcome so that our thinking and responses to the world become more decent and in-formed. For existential disappointment, unless it is overcome, can morph into ressentiment, and the latter can morph into bellicose cultural dispositions to aggressive nihilism.</span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7ElHiBgcuIXShrxqvJtp8Tcs_c-044FZHkGtH4xKPQSgbVocdlNTbQJk98JAzW2ixef2TWdV7cjGMfZGGxNK91U99mWnNDip2571hoLQD7pWiy1ok6NlBzFhBiMdairp9G8JzOgM1KDjD/s350/tenor.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="198" data-original-width="350" height="228" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7ElHiBgcuIXShrxqvJtp8Tcs_c-044FZHkGtH4xKPQSgbVocdlNTbQJk98JAzW2ixef2TWdV7cjGMfZGGxNK91U99mWnNDip2571hoLQD7pWiy1ok6NlBzFhBiMdairp9G8JzOgM1KDjD/w488-h228/tenor.gif" width="488" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">Let us distinguish three dimensions of time, each christened by some to crown time: clock time, lived time, evental time. Clock time is indispensable to life in highly organized capitalist societies. You get up at 7, eat breakfast at 8, arrive at work by 9, if you are a privileged member of the middle class. The big meeting is at 10, and the day winds down by 5. Newton and Einstein loved clock time, the latter indexing it to the speed of light and showing how light bends in response to every gravitational pull. Clock time thus generates its own puzzles. And its own dogmas. Punctualists in science and political economy sense that only if it receives singular priority can they hope to construct a precise, verified, sufficient science tethered to mastery of the world. Lived time involves experiences of duration in which, say, new thoughts, ideas or projects bubble up and a creative dimension of becoming folds into life. William James and Henri Bergson found it to provide a better basis for philosophy than clock time, and both extended the compass of lived time beyond human beings to other animals, plants and bacteria.</span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8f_-wwRZy6rp45nMhUQqrDPAkuj72tLd7-vijDgUYbRHIEfDthXfVLA2bfZIH8kSTMXuBnnuGYNIwsAVVKMv96SZtLFBRX8XlfjLMRy6ouTQGo2Fs_uzVyg52vPKXYFO5GYkUjciGxcWP/s480/giphy.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="270" data-original-width="480" height="271" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8f_-wwRZy6rp45nMhUQqrDPAkuj72tLd7-vijDgUYbRHIEfDthXfVLA2bfZIH8kSTMXuBnnuGYNIwsAVVKMv96SZtLFBRX8XlfjLMRy6ouTQGo2Fs_uzVyg52vPKXYFO5GYkUjciGxcWP/w510-h271/giphy.gif" width="510" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">Evental time involves the intersection of two or more previously separated temporalities, each on its own speed, capacities, and vector. Bumpy intersections between viruses, pangolins, and humans set on different temporalities illustrate evental time. Also, rising, salty ocean, the slow pace of sand formation, and established construction practices can meet to usher in a high rise collapse in Miami. Evental time, I suspect, is consistent with clock and lived time, though not reducible to either. We date key events, for instance.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">Consider, then, merely a few galvanizing, planetary instances of evental time:</span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">Perhaps between 4.1 and 4.5 billion years ago a planet, now called Theia, crashed onto the earth, which then was still covered with molten seas. A rocky meeting of two cosmic temporalities. The result seems to have been formation of a moon around the earth, with effects (later) on tides; it also may have created the tilt of the earth. Billions of years later adventurous sailors deployed the light of the moon and its orbital course to help guide them at sea. Adventurous Polynesian migrations to numerous Pacific islands were thus enabled by that collision. Another event. What if the planet hitting the earth had been much larger? The von Trier film, Melancholia, explores such an event, set in contemporary times.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBOqkyvczp5CrgvM7DPMBUWI4NOTtUwdOqCqqmQQycT0irw5WJ8q5ICV5urtibJm-89NGFmmHr1M8fYTvfnamoPT4VmO0gamgV5L0Ce5CTeks6AlMcHRvi693npgOoizPR33Kng5FO429b/s500/giphy-1.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="212" data-original-width="500" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBOqkyvczp5CrgvM7DPMBUWI4NOTtUwdOqCqqmQQycT0irw5WJ8q5ICV5urtibJm-89NGFmmHr1M8fYTvfnamoPT4VmO0gamgV5L0Ce5CTeks6AlMcHRvi693npgOoizPR33Kng5FO429b/w544-h240/giphy-1.gif" width="544" /></span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><span>About 250 million years ago (clock time), eruptions from the Siberian flats heated the earth’s atmosphere. Then, (clock time), the warming atmosphere probably activated methane sediments in Antarctica (another event), heating the planet so high that 90% of life was lost. If the methane release had been higher life might have been destroyed totally, waiting many million years before it became activated again.</span><a href="applewebdata://F632F220-432B-4475-8D75-761660C15B22#_edn7">[vii]</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6ruuhIYgzrArdYtrjhO-4fLIJR8YiItIb48I-oAoO-CxMwLZrYElOXJAqvj4iMEsxs31MP2k_dd8zP6mpUAsTpkS5QBG6NthGSO7tV6iFsvBQaM1bvTk_GyfY8yIBcfjk8l-VUG4AjPLU/s444/EsteemedLavishGemsbok-size_restricted.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="250" data-original-width="444" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6ruuhIYgzrArdYtrjhO-4fLIJR8YiItIb48I-oAoO-CxMwLZrYElOXJAqvj4iMEsxs31MP2k_dd8zP6mpUAsTpkS5QBG6NthGSO7tV6iFsvBQaM1bvTk_GyfY8yIBcfjk8l-VUG4AjPLU/w545-h305/EsteemedLavishGemsbok-size_restricted.gif" width="545" /></span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><span>About 66 million years ago a massive asteroid following its own trajectory hit the earth on (what is now) the Mexican peninsula. It was followed by a huge volcano in India, the second event perhaps triggered by the first. Almost all large land life was extinguished, including notably large dinosaurs. They had been exquisitely adapted to the settled environment for 130 million years (clock time). Now they could not survive. The new rules for flourishing and survival set the stage for small mammals to accelerate their own evolutionary development. Millions of years later, the event finally began to percolate into western philosophy and the human sciences, setting the stage for a belated focus on evental time. </span><a href="applewebdata://F632F220-432B-4475-8D75-761660C15B22#_edn8">[viii]</a></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhORdeMJk3ACRwsoKYK5sQOhHf0-1RSjiI1Yi4i_glMoXv5jgntEQoiUJA95PNJKn-9p3U2Eh9LVUyASKFslFCda_aFIG6mK8DQfwV-e4F06CxKBvutakV0ozuxOXcdibRa3mE-Yu7dV-tY/s590/Asteroid-news-1164031.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="350" data-original-width="590" height="355" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhORdeMJk3ACRwsoKYK5sQOhHf0-1RSjiI1Yi4i_glMoXv5jgntEQoiUJA95PNJKn-9p3U2Eh9LVUyASKFslFCda_aFIG6mK8DQfwV-e4F06CxKBvutakV0ozuxOXcdibRa3mE-Yu7dV-tY/w565-h355/Asteroid-news-1164031.jpg" width="565" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><span>About 12,700 years ago, the world-wide ocean conveyor system--which had only followed its cyclical pattern for millions of years--suddenly stopped, with profound effects upon climate. The Gulf Stream, a small part of the conveyor, was thus halted. The impetus for the stoppage is still under investigation and it itself was not discovered until the 1970s. A couple of thousand years later, the current was renewed and the Holocene stuttered into being, perhaps over a period of less than ten years. That latter event, of course, set the stage for the rapid expansion of agriculture and the human population.</span><a href="applewebdata://F632F220-432B-4475-8D75-761660C15B22#_edn9">[ix]</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">About 1120 years ago (900 CE), a new warming period hit Europe, parts of Africa, Asia and the Americas, perhaps occasioned in part by intensification of the ocean conveyor and massive deforestation campaigns in Europe. The differential results extended the range of European agriculture, encouraged Mongols on the Russian Steppes victimized by new drought to invade Europe, and helped to destroy the massive Mayan Empire in the Americas.</span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZUGeK70XbUKsqdk-ylwiKLx5NseisMWg81asxUFEtoE23dj5wPxDfWdFFGbvKW2tiozXGTa0wcZmsHONVklnzIrgytJIopqLWn0gf7kBV8oKqZxIZfLxZEhToil3a6Iet_TFD5xA31K-4/s1200/2000600p587ednmainimg-dry-riogrande.webp" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="675" data-original-width="1200" height="334" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZUGeK70XbUKsqdk-ylwiKLx5NseisMWg81asxUFEtoE23dj5wPxDfWdFFGbvKW2tiozXGTa0wcZmsHONVklnzIrgytJIopqLWn0gf7kBV8oKqZxIZfLxZEhToil3a6Iet_TFD5xA31K-4/w563-h334/2000600p587ednmainimg-dry-riogrande.webp" width="563" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><span>About 124 years ago (1897-99), seasonal monsoons (cyclical time) were interrupted over large parts of India. The interruption seemed to follow an intensification of El Ninos over the pacific and a shift in the direction and intensity of western trade winds. The British Empire refused to respond to the massive famine and disease that followed. Conjunctions between the El Nino, shifting wind currents, a monsoon interruption, and the policies of the British Empire manufactured a devastating event.</span><a href="applewebdata://F632F220-432B-4475-8D75-761660C15B22#_edn10">[x]</a></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfwRxhi9TvDKml6wzyy2aKOJBVySYEFtv00fHKaoj6tbbvooAtj-nHRcqopKjKunu60R5uszfBuigJhmCCOa5yGEsG7uJ6JKkOUQOzA5vrBp84sXPLka4JxDpB6hZQSqzajtclxJMsaLOu/s272/images.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="185" data-original-width="272" height="378" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfwRxhi9TvDKml6wzyy2aKOJBVySYEFtv00fHKaoj6tbbvooAtj-nHRcqopKjKunu60R5uszfBuigJhmCCOa5yGEsG7uJ6JKkOUQOzA5vrBp84sXPLka4JxDpB6hZQSqzajtclxJMsaLOu/w485-h378/images.jpg" width="485" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">More recently, Hitler arose after defeat of Germany in World War I, soldiers wanderings aimlessly at home, and severe inflation, soon creating a holocaust before the Russian winter slowed him down. A conjunction of six events. American scientists invented a nuclear bomb at warp speed that was dropped on Nagasaki and Hiroshima; a racist American evangelical-neoliberal resonance machine was created that dominated that country for decades; the Anthropocene—underway for centuries under the hegemony of extractive capitalism—was finally discovered by scientists; and a devastating pandemic was spawned (perhaps) by the double crossing of a virus, first, from bats to a pangolin and then from the pangolin to humans. Clock time kept ticking to its two-step rhythm during each event.</span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2MNZO0v4FKDKf4HS9kwu1o8FTaoBiS71mxuuPm9MXsXRC913KO3hXUMNIB48vVWdyqFEJeFSYKDEcPKHZgs0ZLr0ZbSzf3CclLvBYWMqRj7As0WSpGaQ0jz_LO-wnjZS-xy0VK6RdOvYM/s480/KYeGY3.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="270" data-original-width="480" height="371" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2MNZO0v4FKDKf4HS9kwu1o8FTaoBiS71mxuuPm9MXsXRC913KO3hXUMNIB48vVWdyqFEJeFSYKDEcPKHZgs0ZLr0ZbSzf3CclLvBYWMqRj7As0WSpGaQ0jz_LO-wnjZS-xy0VK6RdOvYM/w555-h371/KYeGY3.gif" width="555" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">This sampling of events is incomplete and arbitrary. Many more, of diverse sorts, could be added. Even the limited sample, however, identifies some characteristics of evental time. Each event emerges from the confluence of two or more temporalities, previously set on different vectors, speeds and capacities. The conjunctions throw heterogeneous forces and beings into contact, as they intersect through collisions and ingressions. The resulting event turns or twists the vector of time that preceded it, now making a linear projection or “extrapolation”—to use Darwin’s favorite word--based on processes that preceded it out of touch with the turn actually taken. The tendency to refuse to adjust extrapolations into the future in the face of new events provides one source of the recent turns to fundamentalism, denialism, and fascism across the world. Each refusal might involve a desperate desire to save an old faith, to preserve an old image of time, or to protect the assumption that the progress of capitalism on a linear track can proceed indefinitely. Or several of these, re-enforcing each other. Hence, the need to develop a philosophy of evental time.</span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbVtjzf4uFhurc8ZQ-HPmKPq9m6CJkoCKrsjn49fLhdi38uRDR5VMnzZ16raVXwSoU50DCyCZhYqf44_l4rgBTdKYofxghefiFFmysv8pQImI66bp6QbysBh8d_C78m7uLq-BA6ybI4SUh/s660/a2668b92-7c26-4736-b568-feb08d471e03-ax098_4a00_9.webp" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="441" data-original-width="660" height="371" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbVtjzf4uFhurc8ZQ-HPmKPq9m6CJkoCKrsjn49fLhdi38uRDR5VMnzZ16raVXwSoU50DCyCZhYqf44_l4rgBTdKYofxghefiFFmysv8pQImI66bp6QbysBh8d_C78m7uLq-BA6ybI4SUh/w517-h371/a2668b92-7c26-4736-b568-feb08d471e03-ax098_4a00_9.webp" width="517" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">To give evental time its due physicists, philosophers, theologians, humanists and social theorists must become more familiar with bacteria temporalities, viral temporalities, fungal temporalities, civilizational temporalities, capitalist temporalities, planetary temporalities, climate temporalities, geological temporalities, asteroid temporalities, scientific temporalities, and theological temporalities, noting how any of these can intersect with one or more of the others at any time.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">Evental time disorients expectations; it unsettles cultural assumptions and temporal extrapolations already in play. To broach the phenomenon of evental time is to disrupt several theological and scientific views in Euro-America. So many hopes and demands are anchored in the other images. To refuse to consider evental time, however, is to court even worse dangers, including the return of fascism and devastating climate change.</span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWLZv7eH28bXtN-V_ppU39-I_0uVFsC8xu15Dx57HO9SNRIIo37dijCu2BNHi5z8nfuW-sskVkeoIrjCWoQDW2Z3eOGDqJDsHmYPlGvPKu0gMmDln99qPzl7-eRXr2GKdpH9xU8gpQ3R7v/s900/California_Fire_2020_AP_20253605657365-ENRwebready.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="550" data-original-width="900" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWLZv7eH28bXtN-V_ppU39-I_0uVFsC8xu15Dx57HO9SNRIIo37dijCu2BNHi5z8nfuW-sskVkeoIrjCWoQDW2Z3eOGDqJDsHmYPlGvPKu0gMmDln99qPzl7-eRXr2GKdpH9xU8gpQ3R7v/w557-h310/California_Fire_2020_AP_20253605657365-ENRwebready.jpg" width="557" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">There are a few other lessons brought into relief by a focus on evental time. First, each previous event—each turn in time—continues to carry implications today. The shape of seasons, the current hegemony of homo sapiens, the organization of the ocean conveyor, the shifting monsoons, the current conditions of indigenous peoples, the insistence on white triumphalism, the current trajectory and pace of climate change, and the continuing danger of nuclear war, all find expression in part because of events that turned the course of time. And indeed, conjunctions between a Covid viral crossing and autocrats in the United States, India, and Brazil who refused to cope with them continue to find expression as new variants proliferate. Events periodically percolate together.</span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAkhX5MaYuDo0kO_Lp6gBzD-1NlPXFNlg-BEX9oxKamwrXVlSD1RZO7D_5SgJvawCXIdAe8pe22ccU2o7Xy8RXNQbLdgm9QIk2oVJG2gw2pxy3_FSCgyHyi3SLIRKukT9J_Sndk4BywxM8/s700/6087437a3f0560001881c2b8.webp" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="465" data-original-width="700" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAkhX5MaYuDo0kO_Lp6gBzD-1NlPXFNlg-BEX9oxKamwrXVlSD1RZO7D_5SgJvawCXIdAe8pe22ccU2o7Xy8RXNQbLdgm9QIk2oVJG2gw2pxy3_FSCgyHyi3SLIRKukT9J_Sndk4BywxM8/w584-h360/6087437a3f0560001881c2b8.webp" width="584" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">Second, when an event occurs, previous extrapolations into the future must be adjusted. This recurrent condition suggests that more of us should cultivate a double orientation to extrapolation. During periods of reasonable regularity in a domain—such as regular seasons, a settled civilizational pattern, the confinement of viral crossings, the slow pattern of species evolution, the consistency of climate patterns, the reliability of monsoons, the long aftermath of indigenous conquests, etc., etc., it may be reasonable to extrapolate forward probabilities and goals from the recent past. Thus, I as a young democratic socialist in the 1970s, extrapolated a possible future in which more and more people in the world achieve material abundance, while neoliberals projected a probable future in which the mastery of nature accelerated, wealth distribution within and between regimes became more extreme, racial hierarchies corresponded roughly to the old hierarchies within and between capitalist states, and so on. But upon the advent of the Anthropocene, modified extrapolations of possibility, probability and desirability need to be made. Indeed, the recurrent pressure to make such turns in extrapolation helps to explain cultural denialism and/or scapegoating in many circles with respect to such things as the failure of Christ to return, holding Jews responsible for the Great Depression, blaming Blacks for their own exploitation, the failure of communism, the inability of capitalism to thrive into the indefinite future, and the advent of the Anthropocene. Those who accept the prominence of evental time are thus encouraged to adopt a double entry orientation to extrapolation. Extrapolations into possible futures are always needed, but with each major turn of event adjustments of extrapolation are needed.</span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEide2DYxUHnt92Y6OoDe7W7Af6BRZ4M7E0qiidOg7s4g_F-IRMCoN3mZDI3w1UCWHUMWPpr-g61k4DZAXonZvCWJPaVEc1gp4TKQudeWhtN19QF8-CQGmyLpHqXYQTEMgvDawPndYmX_Ng0/s1882/Screen+Shot+2021-07-07+at+11.39.46+AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1258" data-original-width="1882" height="341" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEide2DYxUHnt92Y6OoDe7W7Af6BRZ4M7E0qiidOg7s4g_F-IRMCoN3mZDI3w1UCWHUMWPpr-g61k4DZAXonZvCWJPaVEc1gp4TKQudeWhtN19QF8-CQGmyLpHqXYQTEMgvDawPndYmX_Ng0/w588-h341/Screen+Shot+2021-07-07+at+11.39.46+AM.png" width="588" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">Third, the periodic prominence of evental time also means that entire cultures are called upon to fight off the existential disappointment--or even cultural rage--that can arise collectively when reassuring images of time no longer so confidently control the cultural terrain. The task for many now becomes how to overcome the assumption of progressive time, how to appreciate the grandeur of bumpy time, how to affirm a world punctuated by events that turn time. Doing so to encourage struggles against the worst things when a bad turn occurs without seeking racial, religious, scientific and theological scapegoats to hold responsible for that turn. This is the most difficult existential issue posed by evental time. For several religious and secular constituencies are rattled by it.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">In the western traditions, broadly defined, noble struggles with this issue can be discerned in Hesiod, Sophocles, the Book of Job, the Book of J, Heraclitus, Lucretius, Nietzsche, Kafka, James Baldwin, Catherine Keller, Jairus Grove, and Michel Serres himself. None of those existential struggles is apt to suffice today. But several are pertinent to those who acknowledge the significance of evental time, seek to affirm a world in which events turn life, and struggle against the worst effects of temporal turns or accelerations without seeking scapegoats who must be made to suffer for them. <br /><br /><a href="applewebdata://F632F220-432B-4475-8D75-761660C15B22#_ednref1">[i]</a> Michel Serres, branches (London: Bloomsbury, 2004), p. <br /><br /><a href="applewebdata://F632F220-432B-4475-8D75-761660C15B22#_ednref2">[ii]</a> Serres, Genesis (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1995), p. 5. <br /><br /><a href="applewebdata://F632F220-432B-4475-8D75-761660C15B22#_ednref3">[iii]</a> Serres and Latour, Conversations on Science, Culture, and Time (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1995), p. 105.<br /><br /><a href="applewebdata://F632F220-432B-4475-8D75-761660C15B22#_ednref4">[iv]</a> Serres, branches, p. 125.<br /><br /><a href="applewebdata://F632F220-432B-4475-8D75-761660C15B22#_ednref5">[v]</a> Serres and Latour, Conversations…, p. 58<br /><br /><a href="applewebdata://F632F220-432B-4475-8D75-761660C15B22#_ednref6">[vi]</a> Serres, The Incandescent, p. 161. I should also note two other books that have helped me to come to terms with Serres. The first, Michel Serres: Figures of Thought (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2020, by Christopher Watkin, explores the development of Serres’s orientation to nature, logic, and time across several decades. The second, Time and History in Deleuze and Serres, edited by Bernd Herzongenrath (New York: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2012), helped me to compare Deleuze, a figure more familiar, with Serres. Jane Bennett and I have an essay in the latter volume, “The Crumpled Handkerchief,” pp. 153-172.<br /><br /><a href="applewebdata://F632F220-432B-4475-8D75-761660C15B22#_ednref7">[vii]</a> Michael Benton, When Life Nearly Died: The Greatest Mass Extinction of All Time (London: Thames Hudson, 2005) <br /><br /><a href="applewebdata://F632F220-432B-4475-8D75-761660C15B22#_ednref8">[viii]</a> Wally Broecker, The Great ocean Conveyor: Discovering the Trigger for Abrupt Climate change (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010. <br /><br /><a href="applewebdata://F632F220-432B-4475-8D75-761660C15B22#_ednref10">[x]</a> See Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts (New York: Verso, 2001). Davis, at odds with most western social theory of the day, combines a history of the colonial holocaust with an account of how the intense El Ninos were formed and altered the wind patterns over India. A social theorist who refuses to succumb to sociocentrism. </span></div></div>Jairus Victor Grovehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15030715466285389226noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6056235652294517694.post-31607912475560140572021-02-19T07:36:00.003-08:002021-02-19T07:36:53.120-08:00Mission Statement Because of the weather in Houston there was no way for me to prepare for my stint with the wonderful Eyebeam organization. So I sent this mission statement instead:
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAVfMsf911GlydLEJgaZZnDlzI_31yMVwwbApNtM-xc9s4bRDaW3vuWw-0yksla0h5oRPmCUbz9t3XEgfpecwRhUzbtfWndQGLscUlmLXwtqjDh2Hx-nmx_p2qpUX0KdGk1ktfykSk_xs/s1792/eyebeam+mission+statement.jpeg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1792" data-original-width="828" height="600" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAVfMsf911GlydLEJgaZZnDlzI_31yMVwwbApNtM-xc9s4bRDaW3vuWw-0yksla0h5oRPmCUbz9t3XEgfpecwRhUzbtfWndQGLscUlmLXwtqjDh2Hx-nmx_p2qpUX0KdGk1ktfykSk_xs/s600/eyebeam+mission+statement.jpeg" /></a></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6056235652294517694.post-82363645411084083682021-02-07T23:47:00.006-08:002021-02-08T00:14:12.239-08:00Storming the Capitol: The Predictable Efficacy of (Hyper)Mimesis<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6uzvWllrPt51pnL0wE5Ut6dIte4GHohABnnX9kO97hO9PXfOabuySkDdzYzgTmX3qfWLHJtUp5XwpXo1zQcURWG1Yf7nFyp6ygiB630WNETMAy7uecGs5LAqY8vdzp-Nqz1AfCk7s5-N-/s2048/Nidesh_PortraitJPG.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1979" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6uzvWllrPt51pnL0wE5Ut6dIte4GHohABnnX9kO97hO9PXfOabuySkDdzYzgTmX3qfWLHJtUp5XwpXo1zQcURWG1Yf7nFyp6ygiB630WNETMAy7uecGs5LAqY8vdzp-Nqz1AfCk7s5-N-/s320/Nidesh_PortraitJPG.JPG" /></a></div></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><b>Nidesh Lawtoo</b> is Assistant Professor of Philosophy at KU Leuven, PI of an ERC project titled Homo Mimeticus, and author of, most recently, (New) Fascism: Contagion, Community, Myth.<br /><br /><br />The storming of the Capitol on January 6, 2021 was a harrowing moment in U.S. political history that cast a shadow on democracy more generally. It confirmed what a minor tradition in political theory had been warning against for some time in theory yet left dominant institutions surprisingly unprepared in practice. In the wake of Donald Trump’s election in 2016, a number of dissenting theoretical voices had been consistently warning that Donald Trump should not simply be dismissed as populist, conservative, or right-wing. He should rather be seen as a leader inclined toward “tyranny,” “neo-fascism,” “aspirational fascism,” or “(new) fascism,” with all the differences from historical fascism these concepts entail.<br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioUUnH6JsUYpuBI_MvVH6AQGTu-xHXcfuoodEn-5qJTJs1r0L-Nnk2nXwTmAjAry6ljlxERkR7Ppd1yMuvQGjb7i5DxeDbytp_MVkxYFpl3gQxktrO6PRR_gAxF758FULRTNBU3DhE8hHM/s1786/Screen+Shot+2021-02-07+at+9.49.58+PM.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioUUnH6JsUYpuBI_MvVH6AQGTu-xHXcfuoodEn-5qJTJs1r0L-Nnk2nXwTmAjAry6ljlxERkR7Ppd1yMuvQGjb7i5DxeDbytp_MVkxYFpl3gQxktrO6PRR_gAxF758FULRTNBU3DhE8hHM/w640-h294/Screen+Shot+2021-02-07+at+9.49.58+PM.png" /></a></div>If Trump’s “fascist aspirations” (Connolly’s phrase) were made manifest on January 6, his contagious, mimetic, or as I call them, hypermimetic powers on his crowd of supporters had been operative all along his presidency. It is in fact becoming increasingly clear that (new) fascist leaders in the digital age rely on new media and the simulations they entail not only to blur the distinction between truth and lies, facts and alternative facts—though they do that repeatedly. (New) fascist simulations are hypermimetic for they operate on digital users’ affective, embodied, and immanent actions and reactions that are most manifest in a violent mob but are equally at play in conspiracy theories that go viral online before triggering contagious insurrections offline. <br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoumVa7QC_icASaXGUG5taciPkDaIHHLa0Lebwk_1CM18HC2x715tSAXboXI_dg-6nZQuq6eATn5nVs9ZUKkitg15RNmd2dT8u_FQSYnw4WMrSYkW9Gyt2AhTtSuT3BAbdY2FO3okvpHlN/s1868/Screen+Shot+2021-02-07+at+9.50.23+PM.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoumVa7QC_icASaXGUG5taciPkDaIHHLa0Lebwk_1CM18HC2x715tSAXboXI_dg-6nZQuq6eATn5nVs9ZUKkitg15RNmd2dT8u_FQSYnw4WMrSYkW9Gyt2AhTtSuT3BAbdY2FO3okvpHlN/w640-h216/Screen+Shot+2021-02-07+at+9.50.23+PM.png" /></a></div></span><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">The conspiracy theory of “election fraud” that went viral on social media asserting that Joseph R. Biden “stole the election” was not based on the simple logic of mimesis understood as realistic “representation” or mirror of reality (Plato). And yet, this conspiracy should neither be dismissed as a “hyperreal simulation” that has nothing to do with imitation (Baudrillard). Rather, a recent mimetic turn, or re-turn of attention to mimesis in political theory strongly suggests that conspiracies retroact performatively on the immanent materiality political life, generating contagious actions and intoxicating reactions that emerge from the interplay between hyperreal simulations online and all-too-real mimetic behavior offline. I call this spiraling process, hypermimesis.<br /> Following Donald Trump’s electoral defeat and refusal to concede to Joseph Biden as the 46th president-elect of the United States, the mob assault on the U. S. Capitol concluded<br /><br />four years of Trump’s catastrophic presidency amplified by a global pandemic with a violent insurrection qua domestic terrorist attack that led to five casualties including a police officer.<br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpWTyEWGVPLe_I22w68gI_mRZOT_oI-DEfG1GJ74QupgZuN-UegYIMP_XMHBIPfFIsFOJUbYIXxn-pZ3KDAM7dBlJ5GBNMgD3ZMLe3j-0qYfGwUMZ3zEauMTdjksqG2ThjBM9EyPAD6Z8f/s1746/Screen+Shot+2021-02-07+at+9.50.58+PM.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpWTyEWGVPLe_I22w68gI_mRZOT_oI-DEfG1GJ74QupgZuN-UegYIMP_XMHBIPfFIsFOJUbYIXxn-pZ3KDAM7dBlJ5GBNMgD3ZMLe3j-0qYfGwUMZ3zEauMTdjksqG2ThjBM9EyPAD6Z8f/w640-h204/Screen+Shot+2021-02-07+at+9.50.58+PM.png" /></a></div> Unexpected by politicians and police alike who left the Capitol disarmingly open to the assault, the insurrection did not surprise political theorists attentive to the contagious powers of (hyper)mimesis. The efficacy of these powers can be schematically diagnosed on the shoulders of a Janus-faced genealogy of collective intoxications that looks back to crowd behavior in the past century to better diagnose hypermimetic behavior in the present century. I consider four points.<br /><br />I.<br /><br />First, the insurrection required the organized assemblage of a crowd of supporters at a rally primarily composted of white supremacists and right-wing extremists whose unconditional adherence to the outgoing president and refusal to accept the nominated president-elect provided a shared consensus (con-sensus, feeling with) injected with violent anti-democratic potential. Promoted under the dramatic hypernationalist banner of “Save America March” with the explicit intent of gathering a highly mimetic, suggestible, and potentially violent crowd that could be put to (new) fascist use contra the Capitol and the democratic process it symbolizes, the organizers of the rally demonstrated good insights in the contagious and mimetic dynamic of what a marginalized tradition in the social sciences called “crowd psychology.” <br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhw0vfTE3OVOCesCCTPoUz0m-lnCrXCRLjsXnm-SEaJBhXdCsJ4MJdO3cplW9E7Wv1LKQJvqFlVBIEWz-kEA2m-fFyoi1sGFmoxoZqjMMOC8D3tfFth3PPGpvU8wne6OUSO_BOErRXoxp1Z/s1416/Screen+Shot+2021-02-07+at+9.52.18+PM.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhw0vfTE3OVOCesCCTPoUz0m-lnCrXCRLjsXnm-SEaJBhXdCsJ4MJdO3cplW9E7Wv1LKQJvqFlVBIEWz-kEA2m-fFyoi1sGFmoxoZqjMMOC8D3tfFth3PPGpvU8wne6OUSO_BOErRXoxp1Z/w640-h372/Screen+Shot+2021-02-07+at+9.52.18+PM.png" /></a></div><div style="text-align: left;">Despite their differences, figures like Sigmund Freud, Gustave Le Bon, Gabriel Tarde, and Elias Canetti agreed that individuals behave radically differently in a crowd than individually. In particular, they are prone to fall under the irrational spell or suggestive authority of a charismatic leader (meneur is Le Bon’s term, which Freud translates as Führer) who can use a theatrical rhetoric to trigger contagious and violent emotions that spread unconsciously from self to others, turning the I, or ego, into another, more powerful and collective ego. Le Bon, anticipating Freud, puts it as follows:</div><br />He [the man of the crowd] possesses the spontaneity, the violence, the ferocity, and also the enthusiasm and heroism of primitive beings, whom he further tends to resemble by the facility with which he allows himself to be impressed by words and images—which would be entirely without action on each of the isolated individuals composing the crowd—and to be induced to commit acts contrary to his most obvious interests and his best-known habits. (8)Crowds under the spell of fascist leaders have indeed been known to commit violent acts contrary to their own interests in the past century; there is no reason to believe that such spells are not effective among (new) fascist leaders in the present century. Violent affects are suggested directly by the leader’s inflammatory rhetoric itself that operates vertically, from the top down, and whose mimetic efficacy is amplified horizontally, from within the crowd, as the violent intoxicating pathos becomes a shared pathos. Tied both horizontally and vertically in this mimetic double bind, the man of the crowd no longer feels lonely and isolated but heroic and empowered, delegates conscious responsibility to the leader, and turns into a phantom ego ready to commit irresponsible political actions against his/her own “obvious interests.”<br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdFy815dcBvzDB5uayDvoFHhalZNrPOZhUD92rHhqtK1kcgrIBdgQz3eK902kJEK7U3_Bdusermn6ltNb0hVBcFmUZ_v7aPcuu6MRZGZZmhFirCF0c-I8naPtnP3SAFirgUWSYzwfWA3J9/s1364/Screen+Shot+2021-02-07+at+9.53.16+PM.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdFy815dcBvzDB5uayDvoFHhalZNrPOZhUD92rHhqtK1kcgrIBdgQz3eK902kJEK7U3_Bdusermn6ltNb0hVBcFmUZ_v7aPcuu6MRZGZZmhFirCF0c-I8naPtnP3SAFirgUWSYzwfWA3J9/w640-h380/Screen+Shot+2021-02-07+at+9.53.16+PM.png" /></a></div><div style="text-align: left;">This also means that the crowd is vulnerable to what a pre-Freudian psychological tradition that had mimesis more than dreams as a via regia to the unconscious called, “imitation,” “contagion” or “suggestion”—the latter being a concept that specifically designated the hypnotic power to turn an idea into an action, including violent actions. </div><br />II.<br /><br />Second, the insurrection was catalyzed by the presence of a presidential leader who relied on theatrical strategies to cast a suggestive spell on the crowd. The crowd’s affective identification with the meneur was already established due to Trump’s double role as media personality and political leader who, throughout his presidency, consistently relied on a violent rhetoric to continuously generate mass-contagion in the collective soul of his base. This rhetoric should not be derided for its linguistic simplicity but studied for its contagious efficacy. Its distinctive characteristics are well-known to crowd psychology and include aggressive affirmations rather than rational explanations, repetitions rather than arguments, use of images rather than thought, and a general awareness that violent emotions (anger, fear, resentment, etc.) work best to galvanize a crowd.<br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEGLkUceEvxOs4hZjrQMrrH6IgkGiCzGG707JJgGm9xe-QxLFJ55Ke6h3exX1N8X69oKjThyphenhyphentG2E_nT9z55bbGv8m8gH4NM5EpXnKcZ3DJv0lF65cuJcUPhuDMaZctt9beHIAwuajeXf_e/s1656/Screen+Shot+2021-02-07+at+9.54.16+PM.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEGLkUceEvxOs4hZjrQMrrH6IgkGiCzGG707JJgGm9xe-QxLFJ55Ke6h3exX1N8X69oKjThyphenhyphentG2E_nT9z55bbGv8m8gH4NM5EpXnKcZ3DJv0lF65cuJcUPhuDMaZctt9beHIAwuajeXf_e/w640-h194/Screen+Shot+2021-02-07+at+9.54.16+PM.png" /></a></div></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">In the speech that incited the crowd to storm the Capitol, Trump’s implementation of the strategies of crowd psychology were obvious and manifold. In particular, he relied on the repetition of the Big Lie constitutive of his conspiracy theory (“rigged election”), an unproven and hyperbolic affirmation of victory (“we won by a landslide”), an emotional appeal to patriotism and love (“American patriots”), the direction of violence against scapegoats (“the weak Republicans,” the “fake media”), a stubborn refusal of facts (“we will never concede”), among other well-tested strategies constitutive of his rhetoric. <br /> Strong of this affective support and of the resentment that animated it, Trump and his closest associates whipped up the crowd to the culminating point of suggesting a violent anti-democratic action contra the U.S. Capitol. They did so explicitly by inciting the mob not to be “zeros but heroes” (Donald Trump Jr.), promise “trial by combat” (Rudolph Giuliani), and suggest a violent insurrection that had performative effects: “We fight like hell, and if you don’t fight like hell you’re not going to have a country anymore” (Donald Trump)<br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimhqxCP91tPyRc4-ckzUh912Tl4VC3qvl-DQKbfq3NYsuk7XTpCF7NzyJgTBGl7Nbhx8FT-7p2-nZLPlcUPDyIchktye75E4fv71dIAPRKt6KJJ9X-Z7BBBjPTLR7rr944F2tlNo7r8d-K/s1736/Screen+Shot+2021-02-07+at+9.54.47+PM.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimhqxCP91tPyRc4-ckzUh912Tl4VC3qvl-DQKbfq3NYsuk7XTpCF7NzyJgTBGl7Nbhx8FT-7p2-nZLPlcUPDyIchktye75E4fv71dIAPRKt6KJJ9X-Z7BBBjPTLR7rr944F2tlNo7r8d-K/w640-h192/Screen+Shot+2021-02-07+at+9.54.47+PM.png" /></a></div></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">The crowd of white supremacists driven by real material deprivations, grievances, and resentment amplified by an ongoing pandemic crisis was at this point galvanized and ready to turn the leader’s suggestion into a (new) fascist action. Members of the mob, which in addition to white supremacists, included far-right extremists (Proud Boys), followers of online cults (QAnon), as well as armed veterans, including former federal agents (FBI), were also ready to put themselves on the line by physically fighting for Trump—against themselves. <br /><br />III. <br /><br />Third, this paradoxical turn of events cannot be dissociated from the proliferation of recordings of the storming that redoubled the event online, where the galvanization had initially started in the first place. Trump’s speech, riot, and subsequent insurrection was in fact planned and announced well in advance via new media like Twitter, Facebook and Instagram that effectively disseminated the conspiracy theory about “election fraud” by relying on what “conspiracism” does best: namely, promoting the idea that especially when it comes to big historical events (say, an election) but not only, official explanations inevitably hide a more occult, false, yet truly-believed plot that posits the conspiracy believer as a victim of an evil plan. Summarizing the main features of conspiracy theories under the heading of “nothing happens by accident; nothing is at it seems; and everything is connected,” in their informed overview of this growing heterogeneous phenomenon, Michael Butter and Pieter Knight confirm historically what we have all seen on January 6, 2021: namely, that “the leaders of populist parties and movements frequently draw on conspiracy tropes, and their followers appear to be particularly receptive to them,” specifying that “extremist violence” often ensues.<br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyTdm7vhDastjLqsMBvs-6QIzfXvX2BdhgdPiq8IAqpOntdoblNcyOPBsN0JR9xoA_pMP5KhBEISDRQzzBuDUjaVWwoEuYuoyDJumzETc0pBzKwiZTcG60wReL8RpvJrutI2xDHuJIm6lU/s1384/Screen+Shot+2021-02-07+at+9.55.12+PM.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyTdm7vhDastjLqsMBvs-6QIzfXvX2BdhgdPiq8IAqpOntdoblNcyOPBsN0JR9xoA_pMP5KhBEISDRQzzBuDUjaVWwoEuYuoyDJumzETc0pBzKwiZTcG60wReL8RpvJrutI2xDHuJIm6lU/w640-h388/Screen+Shot+2021-02-07+at+9.55.12+PM.png" /></a></div></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">If this lesson applies to populist leaders is the dangers of insurrections are amplified by (new) fascist leaders. Gaining momentum by the proliferation of new platforms of dissemination online, conspiracy theories can no longer be considered a marginal phenomenon confined to few pathological cases, for they play an increasingly important role in influencing public opinion in the digital age, amplifying the hypermimetic powers of authoritarian figures.<br /><br />IV<br /><br />Last but not least: the powers of conspiracy theories to erode the epistemic foundations of longstanding democratic practices are complex and manifold, but the assault on the Capitol could not have succeeded without a simpler, yet not less violent, racist supplement. While the U. S. police force is traditionally overprepared to violently counter peaceful protests among ethnic minorities (from Civil Rights to Black Lives Matter),<br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjn4wWky_yOoAVzQCeJSWwXsjYZghnodFoTQ4C2GDeLwZE5vmxYwVCDYEfv31rrdAuVCwl8_yQ7vn4WDuZ4-BQJ9gXUwcw-n6OzX2iDLF3RF6SD4UEKK8vpjvbyMY-gurguUup9f5P5Kd2k/s1544/Screen+Shot+2021-02-07+at+9.55.47+PM.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjn4wWky_yOoAVzQCeJSWwXsjYZghnodFoTQ4C2GDeLwZE5vmxYwVCDYEfv31rrdAuVCwl8_yQ7vn4WDuZ4-BQJ9gXUwcw-n6OzX2iDLF3RF6SD4UEKK8vpjvbyMY-gurguUup9f5P5Kd2k/w640-h224/Screen+Shot+2021-02-07+at+9.55.47+PM.png" /></a></div></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">in a mirroring inversion of perspectives, it underestimated an announced violent insurrection among white majorities (from White supremacists to far-right extremists). For reasons that are still emerging and are currently revealing Republican officials’ complicity with the assault, although the Capitol police force was warned of the danger of insurrection in advance, it remained understaffed, and unprepared, allowing an intoxicated mob to invade the Capitol, loot parts of the building, and take possession of the Senate chamber. In an eerie confirmation of the genealogy we have been tracing, a figure dressed as a shaman and member of the far-right conspiracy cult QAnon, only made visible the underlying link between ancient ritual cults and contemporary conspiracy cults.<br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtVHWIbqNOdDDJY6o6zMDaMG6gFam3qkXvwrGs5Ffrg73p3boGF6I34_jolhWr8sDlhqbONZx_ypHMvSsMe9wpa1ASahzJPCvoYQKJ7ApRK57Nh_a-OX1aIY-zefG6yCp991H4OuzNF_lK/s1708/Screen+Shot+2021-02-07+at+9.56.14+PM.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtVHWIbqNOdDDJY6o6zMDaMG6gFam3qkXvwrGs5Ffrg73p3boGF6I34_jolhWr8sDlhqbONZx_ypHMvSsMe9wpa1ASahzJPCvoYQKJ7ApRK57Nh_a-OX1aIY-zefG6yCp991H4OuzNF_lK/w640-h204/Screen+Shot+2021-02-07+at+9.56.14+PM.png" /></a></div><div style="text-align: left;">Importantly, the feedback loop between online and offline violence continued during the storming of the Capitol itself as the insurrectionists not only filmed Trump’s speech but also their own terrorist attack, re-doubling the event in the digital world. This digitized recording of a (new) fascist suggestion turned into terrorist action generated a parallel reality that, once again, did not simply represent reality according to the laws of imitation; it also generated performative hypermimetic effects that cut both ways, both with and contra democracy: on the democratic side, the recordings online were instrumental in helping the police identify insurrectionists, track them down, and inflict severe penalties; on the insurrectionist side, these videos went viral and contributed to disseminating violent anti-democratic feelings that are not limited to the U.S. but are operative transnationally via a growing cosmopolitan network that connects (new) fascist movements across the world. To be sure, the insurrection eventually failed, and a lawful (though heavily policed) transition of power ensued. And yet, as the Biden Administration is currently restoring basic democratic accords (Paris Accord, WHO membership etc.) disrupted by the previous Administration, let us not forget that (new) fascist sentiments will not magically disappear as the crowd momentarily disperses offline to reconnect online. The example of how conspiracy theories can easily lead to a violent insurrection that reveals the fragility of democratic institutions will leave lasting traces in the history of democracy, both in the U.S. and around the world. Conspiracies are also leaving lasting traces online that can serve as possible models for future insurrections to imitate offline, in an hypermimetic spiral of endless regress.</div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5oeHeFpDlxyKQ2vCSxNIMkISp3rU5mi-H-XCIWoUN4j3JEmBghrNfQaChKai7gl5Cc_TLUI-UTOnOBltd1OpV2VQSp8_gPOqgyA4LgGTNArbDijXV3ChTjoP92392vxkhXFOXkmQxPHzT/s1558/Screen+Shot+2021-02-07+at+9.56.46+PM.png"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5oeHeFpDlxyKQ2vCSxNIMkISp3rU5mi-H-XCIWoUN4j3JEmBghrNfQaChKai7gl5Cc_TLUI-UTOnOBltd1OpV2VQSp8_gPOqgyA4LgGTNArbDijXV3ChTjoP92392vxkhXFOXkmQxPHzT/s1558/Screen+Shot+2021-02-07+at+9.56.46+PM.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5oeHeFpDlxyKQ2vCSxNIMkISp3rU5mi-H-XCIWoUN4j3JEmBghrNfQaChKai7gl5Cc_TLUI-UTOnOBltd1OpV2VQSp8_gPOqgyA4LgGTNArbDijXV3ChTjoP92392vxkhXFOXkmQxPHzT/w640-h360/Screen+Shot+2021-02-07+at+9.56.46+PM.png" /></a></div></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">In the end, the assault on the Capitol left many politicians shocked, caught security forces unprepared, and was considered unprecedented within the sphere of U. S. politics; and yet, a minor tradition in mimetic theory consistently showed that its contagious dynamic has a long genealogy that should be taken seriously in political theory. It has been my contention that looking back to the powers of mimesis in the past century is a necessary step to foresee and counter (new) fascist insurrections to come in the present century.<br /><br />*This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement No 716181: HOM): <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">http://www.homomimeticus.eu/</a></span></div>Jairus Victor Grovehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15030715466285389226noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6056235652294517694.post-78320407351041679722021-01-21T11:35:00.003-08:002021-01-21T11:35:36.864-08:00Counting to 400,000: Mourning on the National Mall<span style="font-size: large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHU4Ds6lra34eaRm3mlVlojDyhKodX6wkg1m2Q8j70U17sChF6ETu6wXRMEQHb7NAJXEqfN0jWI7TaRyvbFfcxS5WFG-UR-aVbooafwMExUiS-2_7-IpQoqJHm8DYnfj2yqbkTh1sA6LDZ/s320/dumm_thomas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="274" data-original-width="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHU4Ds6lra34eaRm3mlVlojDyhKodX6wkg1m2Q8j70U17sChF6ETu6wXRMEQHb7NAJXEqfN0jWI7TaRyvbFfcxS5WFG-UR-aVbooafwMExUiS-2_7-IpQoqJHm8DYnfj2yqbkTh1sA6LDZ/s0/dumm_thomas.jpg" /></a></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Thomas Dumm</b><br />Amherst College<br /><br />Joseph Stalin once infamously observed, “A single death is a tragedy, a million deaths is a statistic.” Knowing the consequences that may follow from the reduction of many lives to a number – trivialization, and in the worst cases, a forgetfulness that encourages the suppression of otherwise overwhelming truths concerning the terrible things we human beings are capable of doing -- we want to resist thinking in such reductive terms. But when we try to imagine how to grieve mass death as a public, how can we otherwise memorialize, how can we remember, how can we grieve?</span></span><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbfvBXIAizPrUs_xd6zaIm6f79IJ7xIdZYGwkchYSgCVLrLbJ7K_WdgNYETFATAb8a63OGF7-OTKbBVtFYDCz9b1RkDZhNwYGFnLIgnR0Mr0hOYEPC9mTasAQZHv73tk99SL9LV-QB1Agl/s1200/https---cdn.cnn.com-cnnnext-dam-assets-210119174216-04-biden-covid-memorial-0119.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="675" data-original-width="1200" height="356" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbfvBXIAizPrUs_xd6zaIm6f79IJ7xIdZYGwkchYSgCVLrLbJ7K_WdgNYETFATAb8a63OGF7-OTKbBVtFYDCz9b1RkDZhNwYGFnLIgnR0Mr0hOYEPC9mTasAQZHv73tk99SL9LV-QB1Agl/w640-h356/https---cdn.cnn.com-cnnnext-dam-assets-210119174216-04-biden-covid-memorial-0119.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">As the number of deaths in the United States from the Covid-19 virus have mounted at an accelerating pace, following the merciless laws of multiplication that accompany uncontrolled contagions, a common measure of comparison has been used by many members of the commentariat. To whit, the daily toll from the pandemic has now exceeded the total number of deaths suffered on 9/11. Another comparison has been to deaths suffered in American wars. (Indeed, in his inaugural address, President Biden himself noted that more Americans have now died from this plague than died in World War II.) But for some reason, perhaps because war itself involves volition and deliberation, if not always explicit declaration, we do not immediately think of casualties of war as being victims, but as being heroes.</span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM4mkqjTeuvaB4Rretscq79nrQl7blcRUFJY_ykznWFS0jtBe3pm5RmQFlfhmJUCN-vyDNocCCn231o4lOOMxSPZ-12FccbiA_z1y-VHcgCwZ2s0Xjj_ZlCVeqVsD8Z08FYX9lEGkfg6f3/s640/gettyimages-1208727785.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="427" data-original-width="640" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM4mkqjTeuvaB4Rretscq79nrQl7blcRUFJY_ykznWFS0jtBe3pm5RmQFlfhmJUCN-vyDNocCCn231o4lOOMxSPZ-12FccbiA_z1y-VHcgCwZ2s0Xjj_ZlCVeqVsD8Z08FYX9lEGkfg6f3/w640-h428/gettyimages-1208727785.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">The vacillation between hero and victim is but one expression of the many simplifying dualisms in the American lexicon of power. In this case, heroes are powerful; victims are powerless. (Of course, another dualism pits the hero against the villain, the enemy of the good. The villain too is reducible to the binary logic of absolutism, judged regardless of context, without any attempt to learn of the circumstances that created their villainy, to absolute condemnation.) But dualisms of power only work when there is a conscious refusal to acknowledge the imperfections of all, to imagine that there a conclusion to our grief, a psychic closure that gives one permission to move on, move away, from the site of such difficult pain.</span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMVxhfy5dnCQOreUSygU1Ha0hGhBrOpUlUE0xdYpsoQYHViDNh4aqJVMt9LR8K0put4vKhWIWGAFCJPDkl4WG1dryQU2DU9qzxp8CP4E74p0ay9cYFNG25WrZ17LYSq1Q4ckaFrLrSzIqK/s916/imrs.php.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="611" data-original-width="916" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMVxhfy5dnCQOreUSygU1Ha0hGhBrOpUlUE0xdYpsoQYHViDNh4aqJVMt9LR8K0put4vKhWIWGAFCJPDkl4WG1dryQU2DU9qzxp8CP4E74p0ay9cYFNG25WrZ17LYSq1Q4ckaFrLrSzIqK/w640-h426/imrs.php.jpeg" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">But many of us who have directly experienced grief – and who hasn’t? -- know that there is no certain end to it, and that when we attempt to evade the pain of loss through suppression or distraction, or conversion of pain into anger, we do damage to ourselves and to those around us. Judith Butler has noted the destructiveness of blocked grief, especially in her meditation on 9/11, Precarious Life. There she suggested that all grief has a public dimension, and she realized that as a consequence of that public dimension of grief, it is inevitably politicized. When there are mass deaths, especially, the politics of grief becomes more visible to all.</span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTdokUU0UxKQIsEXC1-P2dPHRYzYF9Sh3bgzVZrD4D-xnD4YwBfCKQYAVv_PUBWWZkT_SKiHrOvNQV2lu3YrG-QQMaEeEm-AXybCcJnyD31YbwrdztlhZm3mUoKg15w6BXV3EBHFIjqc3j/s2000/APTOPIX_Virus_Outbreak_Spain_41281.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTdokUU0UxKQIsEXC1-P2dPHRYzYF9Sh3bgzVZrD4D-xnD4YwBfCKQYAVv_PUBWWZkT_SKiHrOvNQV2lu3YrG-QQMaEeEm-AXybCcJnyD31YbwrdztlhZm3mUoKg15w6BXV3EBHFIjqc3j/w640-h426/APTOPIX_Virus_Outbreak_Spain_41281.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">The public life of grief didn’t have any noteworthy face during the Trump Administration, Trumpism being the quintessential dualistic ideology. (Simple binaries have supported the rule of tyrants throughout history, but they are especially well fitted to modern fascistic regimes.) By political imperative, but also by personality, it is abundantly clear that Trump was unfit to lead the country in grieving. In fact, his actions throughout 2020 and into this year were largely based on his denial of the seriousness of the pandemic, as has been extensively documented.</span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFNw3S4H0k8MCUquoE4Hp3171PdZ7U9AkDnz1FBg1hRNgKD4nOh5qK__qfTvRLBJ58F0duVB8pIibg8e-lx7Qkhv2HXJPTT23IK2fLRFSkHk9104fbM3T5Tsk60W0TehOeGQKyHEmF8nrr/s1024/EQFBBE3ASA5WNIBNVYPKDBOSWU.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="683" data-original-width="1024" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFNw3S4H0k8MCUquoE4Hp3171PdZ7U9AkDnz1FBg1hRNgKD4nOh5qK__qfTvRLBJ58F0duVB8pIibg8e-lx7Qkhv2HXJPTT23IK2fLRFSkHk9104fbM3T5Tsk60W0TehOeGQKyHEmF8nrr/w640-h426/EQFBBE3ASA5WNIBNVYPKDBOSWU.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">Every milestone in this plague – whether the initial explosion of cases in the states of New York and Washington, through the ongoing documentation of 100,000, 200,000 300,000, and now 400,000 deaths as the virus has spread throughout the country in a second wave – has passed, not only without meaningful comment by the Trump Administration, but with ridiculous lies and an absurd politicization of such basic precautions as wearing masks in the name of a freedom of choice, a freedom akin to that of choosing to drive on whatever side of the road one might prefer. (The significant failure of Trump to act as head of state and chief executive should be one more reason for a general rethinking of the present constitutional system of governance. But that is a subject for another time.)</span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjdyOZs6PNkobRLz_uR5VONcCbx37fk_m_xAgd78iKFAfH_m6nzzcfwBKHCnT8AWXTW7u0S9U0lvJBD_IYn6hAVp8f4Wxgka55Bqjvi1BsV6aw8fxcaUBfEqR8Ct1BAXeHFOf7QrlgqaH6/s1600/22dc-melania-top-videoSixteenByNineJumbo1600.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjdyOZs6PNkobRLz_uR5VONcCbx37fk_m_xAgd78iKFAfH_m6nzzcfwBKHCnT8AWXTW7u0S9U0lvJBD_IYn6hAVp8f4Wxgka55Bqjvi1BsV6aw8fxcaUBfEqR8Ct1BAXeHFOf7QrlgqaH6/w640-h360/22dc-melania-top-videoSixteenByNineJumbo1600.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">And so it came to pass that the citizens and denizens of the United States, following the catastrophe of an insurrection incited by Trump and the Republicans in Congress in support of the Big Lie of a stolen election, came to the nation’s capital, virtually if not in person, on the eve of Joe Biden’s inauguration, at dusk, to witness the first national ritual of grief for those deaths approximately one year after the first recorded mortality from Covid-19 in the United States.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"> The event was staged at the Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool on the National Mall. Four hundred obelisks of light lined the sides of the Pool, one for every thousand deaths, counting to 400,000, stretching from the Memorial to the Washington Monument, devoid of people, not only because of the ongoing pandemic but because of the lockdown of the capital following the attempted putsch on the 6th of January.</span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoSnP4KEF9Sj47VZSG4xecN-If2xsFhC6Rdijep6oAjx4whDQGd_UfzZzWVlBho4k0skoBFR-sSpDvrw99e_5I_Zf_D8_y3h0_uIZolhcw9Ji87vyKUKND3tKZXcJsTDowk21SWtdphrGC/s1548/kamala-harris-joe-biden-covid-19-memorial-2021-billboard-1548-1611103514-compressed.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1548" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoSnP4KEF9Sj47VZSG4xecN-If2xsFhC6Rdijep6oAjx4whDQGd_UfzZzWVlBho4k0skoBFR-sSpDvrw99e_5I_Zf_D8_y3h0_uIZolhcw9Ji87vyKUKND3tKZXcJsTDowk21SWtdphrGC/w640-h424/kamala-harris-joe-biden-covid-19-memorial-2021-billboard-1548-1611103514-compressed.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">There were brief comments by the by the president and vice-president elects, and the singing of two songs. The first was “Amazing Grace” (the lyrics written by a reformed slave owner in 1788 (the melody adapted from the song “New Britain” in 1835), a song deeply familiar to all, a song of hope that was sung by President Obama at a memorial service for one of the nine murder victims of a white nationalist in Charleston, South Carolina in 2015.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"> The second song was, to me anyway, a more surprising choice. Although famous in its own right, Leonard Cohen’s 1984 sorrowful love song, sung in the voice of a person broken by his lover, now has entered the pantheon of national recognition for a reason far different than its origin might suggest. “Hallelujah” has been transformed into an anthem of mourning and resolution, with the use of its title word serving as the chorus, both ironic and beyond irony, in its singing.</span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiqprXAYAq1Vgzrie0RnEtIhXYTAb216EVa-SO48cKm-ExXaFjh1KD43tPpR8ZalNUbJ39bJz1TjpxYTWwipyZx5M-ZKR0iM0PYF5aPVMwlAb9Ol5oImeDkuyWwk4FpDZhBHZlMJDCwxdE/s1280/maxresdefault.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiqprXAYAq1Vgzrie0RnEtIhXYTAb216EVa-SO48cKm-ExXaFjh1KD43tPpR8ZalNUbJ39bJz1TjpxYTWwipyZx5M-ZKR0iM0PYF5aPVMwlAb9Ol5oImeDkuyWwk4FpDZhBHZlMJDCwxdE/w640-h360/maxresdefault.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">A key lyric in that song, one Yolanda Adams chose not to sing that evening – it is a long song when fully performed – was this: </span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br />And I've seen your flag on the marble arch<br /><br />and love is not a victory march<br /><br />It's a cold and it's a broken Hallelujah<br /><br />I wish she had. It would have been fitting. Cold and broken, flag still flying, no victory march: what better describes that which we still may call the national mood? <br /><br />This country’s national grieving has begun. What we might make of that fact I do not know. But as our morning progresses, we may begin to see glimmers of hope.</span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_cON3MgfGQ0bNDBScuVcjTmvZmURM3PCiHWkhhyphenhyphenBJCwElr8BsavAau-sVV_WzI0uena6RIEl2pylQZZn9NP5FsooT6YuwELR_8UJD-kRdWKTnOJfIuM7945USaveH2c6sMajo9PmSjt9m/s1066/PWU4EFA65G7HZM7YGGRTCBNLUU.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="1066" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_cON3MgfGQ0bNDBScuVcjTmvZmURM3PCiHWkhhyphenhyphenBJCwElr8BsavAau-sVV_WzI0uena6RIEl2pylQZZn9NP5FsooT6YuwELR_8UJD-kRdWKTnOJfIuM7945USaveH2c6sMajo9PmSjt9m/w640-h360/PWU4EFA65G7HZM7YGGRTCBNLUU.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><br /></div>Jairus Victor Grovehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15030715466285389226noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6056235652294517694.post-21908617997447201992020-12-06T12:06:00.007-08:002020-12-06T12:09:42.435-08:00America's Obituary<p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b></b></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6hiO3vPTwreNQVY_MdvuJJyXn6ArnGBbVnXMWBadcMNIjUlH_4vjUGCf7CobGVRxHyn77m6SinUspLED4ADy5iBENUY8VoHpbrcW42u-y5eZZSIl7wSVnIoDqTolQfDYvmmACu5n6fhI/s1173/2016+density.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="899" data-original-width="1173" height="490" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6hiO3vPTwreNQVY_MdvuJJyXn6ArnGBbVnXMWBadcMNIjUlH_4vjUGCf7CobGVRxHyn77m6SinUspLED4ADy5iBENUY8VoHpbrcW42u-y5eZZSIl7wSVnIoDqTolQfDYvmmACu5n6fhI/w640-h490/2016+density.jpg" width="640" /> </a></b></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b> </b></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b> <br /></b></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhL_MBJYgqx0ibDJ1x-7EprIzl5Ykma8h3CHh4_8T7zBuuEvGOQZBri1syAdYJLbrysVKz7OYgNFGxgcIxjcORbxHHyN_-KZ3eH4A_IngqhPr1MHUar7roYAuq7-asCSD8OZziODixdaBI/s640/Steve+Johnston.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="480" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhL_MBJYgqx0ibDJ1x-7EprIzl5Ykma8h3CHh4_8T7zBuuEvGOQZBri1syAdYJLbrysVKz7OYgNFGxgcIxjcORbxHHyN_-KZ3eH4A_IngqhPr1MHUar7roYAuq7-asCSD8OZziODixdaBI/w150-h200/Steve+Johnston.JPG" width="150" /></a></b></span></span></div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Steven Johnston</b> is Neal A. Maxwell Chair in Political Theory, Public Policy, and Public Service, University of Utah and is the author of, most recently, Wonder and Cruelty: Ontological War in 'It's a Wonderful Life' and Lincoln: The Ambiguous Icon.<br /></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">
Joe Biden defeated Donald Trump in a close election. While he won a record number of votes, the electoral college results were not clear until four days after the voting stopped. Biden will win, eventually, by roughly six million, but Trump garnered over 70 million votes himself, adding over 10 million to his 2016 total—despite a manifestly failed presidency, except in terms of white supremacy, that is.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-3R66noEECpshfkuXtLs8E7TrM4d_YUZuj08pOOGdiSKpNROjoHic3oEO40fB3iNtKjjPmY-lKWaeIzQtklL5eZ8refzRvdnfg4A9j_SPOBuRnPk-b9fz1oEk1limblvWz0Nbx6XVsE4/s622/1+Biden.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="312" data-original-width="622" height="322" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-3R66noEECpshfkuXtLs8E7TrM4d_YUZuj08pOOGdiSKpNROjoHic3oEO40fB3iNtKjjPmY-lKWaeIzQtklL5eZ8refzRvdnfg4A9j_SPOBuRnPk-b9fz1oEk1limblvWz0Nbx6XVsE4/w640-h322/1+Biden.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></span></div><p></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">The polls predicting a decisive Biden victory were wrong. Badly wrong. The Senate is likely to stay in Republican hands, where Mitch McConnell can obstruct Biden’s initiatives, and Supreme Court conservatives, activist Republicans all, hold a 6 to 3 majority. Democrats flipped zero statehouses, which bodes ill for redistricting. Trump has been defeated, but Trumpism lives, and the lame duck president may well run again as a victim of the greatest fraud in American political history in 2024. In the meantime, there is no reason to believe he will disappear from the political scene and preside over his (failing) businesses. Rather, he is likely to wage a running war against Biden and the Democrats from his Twitter account, and may even continue to hold periodic rallies given how dependent he is on the adulation of crowds for validation. He will also need to nurture the wounds he is forging now as he refuses to face the reality of defeat. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWltplh8u1OwH1oVtztsugZvQVguBgiewe_76p6byayxLWsizdgqcFGOoP9Mv4ppXTJ1jOcydeDYX16Xg0KTxAfv-R8473v495UFOh6kqM9z5Jkj44Qnemfng4v1SMv2INO6n9lGeah_0/s1429/2+Trump.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="804" data-original-width="1429" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWltplh8u1OwH1oVtztsugZvQVguBgiewe_76p6byayxLWsizdgqcFGOoP9Mv4ppXTJ1jOcydeDYX16Xg0KTxAfv-R8473v495UFOh6kqM9z5Jkj44Qnemfng4v1SMv2INO6n9lGeah_0/w640-h360/2+Trump.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">After being declared the winner, Joe Biden delivered the kind of speech everyone knew he would: an Obamaesque call for reconciliation and unity. Biden insisted it is time to end the demonization characteristic of American politics and insisted that our opponents are not enemies but fellow Americans. Biden believes that he can work with Republicans to get things done, and given the dire circumstances the country faces (lethal pandemic, economic collapse, climate change, etc.), there is no shortage of things that need to get done. Biden will start his first day in office with a blitz of executive orders, but this tactic can achieve only so much. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhc1HNcllOr5oDz3ObX8apZYh_Aq2Eoji0ZsRM53Yas9DO0ed8ct7ljzK2JXjuKXPsYjfzDS0VlNxCk33f3yl4ii3dthCep1XxBwbkiBb5-NLVtX0efreG5zClqj9_wJD3cSV2L4tOQRE/s1430/3+Biden.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1062" data-original-width="1430" height="476" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhc1HNcllOr5oDz3ObX8apZYh_Aq2Eoji0ZsRM53Yas9DO0ed8ct7ljzK2JXjuKXPsYjfzDS0VlNxCk33f3yl4ii3dthCep1XxBwbkiBb5-NLVtX0efreG5zClqj9_wJD3cSV2L4tOQRE/w640-h476/3+Biden.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br />
What do the nation’s prospects look like? Stalemate is one likely outcome. When Barack Obama assumed office in 2013, Republicans made it their mission to destroy his presidency and make him a one-term president. He never seemed to figure out that he could not rise above the partisan fray and bring Republicans along with him in a joint patriotic commitment to the nation. Remember, America was also in crisis when he took office. Republicans did not care. They do not show any evidence of caring now. Trump and Trumpism, despite the jubilant nationwide parties in the streets following Biden’s official victory, have not been defeated, let alone repudiated. They are both alive and well. America’s polarized division will be with us for years, perhaps decades, to come. The country’s electoral system exaggerates and empowers their otherwise minority status. </span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFi4aMPtoiwt739ZU31eYFQoHdo3qtXbslW3QBEtnOytdzxgp5Nhx0Ga4QWS2HTb5EGJ7oCk0nVQ2tHIaBuHlFRXCtK54DMwiw12tlatOY23S680YOKdRLn3hvN4lMvbyqpgQRAZYhuWE/s640/4+rally.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="640" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFi4aMPtoiwt739ZU31eYFQoHdo3qtXbslW3QBEtnOytdzxgp5Nhx0Ga4QWS2HTb5EGJ7oCk0nVQ2tHIaBuHlFRXCtK54DMwiw12tlatOY23S680YOKdRLn3hvN4lMvbyqpgQRAZYhuWE/w640-h320/4+rally.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">
Is this the indefinite reality with which America’s democratic citizens have to live? Can we reasonably be expected to live in a polity in which tyrannical minority rule embodied by Donald Trump, his GOP allies in the House and Senate, much of the federal judiciary, and a majority of Republican statehouses and governorships routinely prevails—or even enjoys the possibility of prevailing. Or is there an alternative, a long-term alternative, that it would be wise to start discussing? What if we were to put Trump and Trumpism on notice?
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Regardless of November 3’s results, then, given the damage Trump and Republicans have inflicted on this country over the last 50 years, given, furthermore, their very identity as a political party committed to white supremacy and racial resentment, what if the United States took the first steps in a process of self-dissolution? This is an idea with roots in the founding of the country when (some) anti-Federalists preferred to form several small republics in the aftermath of independence from Great Britain. Hamilton’s dreams of national power and global empire defeated democratic aspirations then. The latter can be recovered and redeemed now in the name of a multiracial America that already exists on the east and west coasts and many parts of the American interior, including several large cities in the sunbelt. </span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQDuCrP9Tcz1Nd89miyOfU_LU_0bgXozT-eU70_qlxplm2iZzjlsWQeozn3V-C7il-d2WTT1e5nodZx2fL9O-iQ_A5PmsGB5qensCrcLpPU8YQ2fYWBAmvCePy3uTHDjqcTRN031uwccg/s1024/5+con.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="575" data-original-width="1024" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQDuCrP9Tcz1Nd89miyOfU_LU_0bgXozT-eU70_qlxplm2iZzjlsWQeozn3V-C7il-d2WTT1e5nodZx2fL9O-iQ_A5PmsGB5qensCrcLpPU8YQ2fYWBAmvCePy3uTHDjqcTRN031uwccg/w640-h360/5+con.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Remember, we already live in a country broken geographically by two oceans (yes, I am counting Puerto Rico) and Canada. Is there any reason we cannot (try to) become a more perfect non-contiguous union? And largely leave the red states to themselves? Imagine a long blue and purple arc starting in the Midwest with Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, and Illinois extending east to Pennsylvania, New York and New England. Trace it down the east coast from the Mid-Atlantic states to Florida (South Carolina will have a decision to make) and then jump to Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. Finish it off with the west coast of the continental United States, and then Nevada, Colorado, and Hawai’i. The deep red states, concentrated largely in the continent’s interior but including the rural parts of much of coastal America, would be “liberated.”
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<br /><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiijv1wqZxT0FvtyBu0CkfyFmDHxsO09QGcacdQub8e_HJtLtzITpcBKUZYYpR4d9ObayKMNhv2hVdd6e5_J849iLT9TZhhc_MwNtcLpPTk6h3RwfGGv28TQQRUnkjomZAFJ9ofT6I3uJo/s770/6+electoral+map.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="513" data-original-width="770" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiijv1wqZxT0FvtyBu0CkfyFmDHxsO09QGcacdQub8e_HJtLtzITpcBKUZYYpR4d9ObayKMNhv2hVdd6e5_J849iLT9TZhhc_MwNtcLpPTk6h3RwfGGv28TQQRUnkjomZAFJ9ofT6I3uJo/w640-h426/6+electoral+map.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">When Trump was elected president in 2016 he lacked democratic legitimacy. Hillary Clinton, despite a deeply flawed campaign in which she somehow decided not to appear in key battleground states, secured nearly 3 million more votes than Trump, who averted well-deserved defeat thanks to the democratically indefensible electoral college. Three years later, following acquittal by the Senate after House impeachment, Trump ran for reelection lacking constitutional legitimacy as well. After all, Mitch McConnell announced prior to Trump’s trial that the president would be acquitted no matter the evidence, an act not only of institutional betrayal but arguably of treason. America’s vaunted and much-celebrated system of check and balances seemed officially dead. From a democratic perspective, Donald Trump should never have assumed office. From a Constitutional perspective, Donald Trump should never have remained in office. Each points to the failure of America’s purportedly democratic system of government to sustain itself and keep faith with its values. How long do democratic citizen owe allegiance to such a system? </span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></span>
</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEja4U1YIIykGlLk3Ztk2vJmvyX4ZgBwYDZtnfiKI28WRZKxt2sw7YCn4xhOGNNcHfEzDTZVbtZSffCIfuMsmz-Xiqfp01OI-iAPOtT5o1DjQAV1JpgNXJO9vAMJbmRoMAL4zOOSW-sS3YY/s1000/7+McConnell.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="563" data-original-width="1000" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEja4U1YIIykGlLk3Ztk2vJmvyX4ZgBwYDZtnfiKI28WRZKxt2sw7YCn4xhOGNNcHfEzDTZVbtZSffCIfuMsmz-Xiqfp01OI-iAPOtT5o1DjQAV1JpgNXJO9vAMJbmRoMAL4zOOSW-sS3YY/w640-h360/7+McConnell.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">
For nearly four years, Donald Trump has posed a variety of existential threats to the country. Is this overstating the case? To answer the question, let’s take a quick inventory of Trump’s presidency (and thus Trumpism), which might then point to a new way forward.
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Donald Trump conspired and attempted to conspire with foreign governments, first with Russia and then with Ukraine, to subvert America’s democratic system and obstruct any and all efforts to uncover these schemes. He has also called on China to interfere in America’s electoral process and come to his aid. Trump’s lawlessness pertains not just to his efforts to secure and maintain his position of power, which is critical to his family’s financial fortunes. It relates to all areas of government: Trump refuses to recognize the very idea of Congressional oversight of his administration. He believes that he is accountable to no one and no thing. The Constitution, on his “reading,” allows him to do whatever he wants to do. This is the definition of tyranny. Athens and Rome, our spiritual and practical forebears, knew how to handle tyrants. America’s founders thought they could learn from and improve on their ancient predecessors and lessen violence in politics. They appear to have been wrong. Only one Republican Senator, Mitt Romney, voted to convict Trump at his impeachment trial. Lawlessness is not just a Trump problem. It is a Republican Party value (at least when they have power). </span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj02mn2iZ9nrfj8LKJ7A_Peis6QHcTsTkur9Uu28ZiOz6V5kbPFhUqOOLrgGgVDvvUbYcPjFHxJwrmL0pUE6ZQVrJh71j7o2YTAkp0hj3N8pr5J9P2aK0WsX6Qng9e7pzhwxMyfBxZDvC8/s640/8+Trump+phone.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="640" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj02mn2iZ9nrfj8LKJ7A_Peis6QHcTsTkur9Uu28ZiOz6V5kbPFhUqOOLrgGgVDvvUbYcPjFHxJwrmL0pUE6ZQVrJh71j7o2YTAkp0hj3N8pr5J9P2aK0WsX6Qng9e7pzhwxMyfBxZDvC8/w640-h360/8+Trump+phone.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br />
Donald Trump presided—and continues to preside even as I write this—over Republican efforts, which have included the federal judiciary and state and local governments, to suppress the vote on a massive scale and disqualify Democratic votes after they have been cast, especially of people of color. Republicans long ago concluded that they cannot win elections without rigging their outcome, as Brain Kemp did in Georgia in 2018. This electoral violence is consonant with Trump’s refusal to renounce White supremacy when given the opportunity during the first presidential debate. He refused for one simple reason: he is a White supremacist and it is the key to his electoral and Republican Party fortunes. Race and racism account for the deep devotion of his base, even as he poses a threat to their livelihoods and their lives by ignoring a lethal pandemic and its economic fallout. </span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPaxq62a4wpI7nnv25vaA6SJL-TkoKtZl0MNbRPxdnwBATqQl5bYCy7GzM31N_M-WStToxZvbd_Uxsx1IcvrUKjI0JkZSdB5qsxaDmfPsbqAjJv9qUAfFtRcttQI5W2Zal5A_HeZ1o47E/s279/9+flags.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="181" data-original-width="279" height="259" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPaxq62a4wpI7nnv25vaA6SJL-TkoKtZl0MNbRPxdnwBATqQl5bYCy7GzM31N_M-WStToxZvbd_Uxsx1IcvrUKjI0JkZSdB5qsxaDmfPsbqAjJv9qUAfFtRcttQI5W2Zal5A_HeZ1o47E/w400-h259/9+flags.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br />
Donald Trump refused, when asked repeatedly, to say whether he would respect the results of the 2020 election, and thus the will of the American people, and commit to the peaceful transfer of power, a tradition that traces back to the origins of the country and George Washington. Rather, insisting that he cannot by definition lose, Trump believes that any defeat is inherently illegitimate, which is one reason he won’t concede the election now, despite the threat to national, including health, security. Combine these assaults on American democracy with voter suppression efforts and Trump and the GOP have effectively placed themselves in harm’s way should the need arise to remove him from office. This should be unthinkable in American democracy. It is no longer. </span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTEptKaUo35_uY7FpnnGsc5qlogBY4VXUIc7LiedlJOlesdmDSqaIpQW5HBQOb_MW0gbcyGBgV1Xzx9L7NiVFuJslf5fmCShewW5Ox7e4ACC0a_ZrVMGXim_1BDK4dOtKogFB3-oLNPxU/s600/10+Trump+finger+wag.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="338" data-original-width="600" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTEptKaUo35_uY7FpnnGsc5qlogBY4VXUIc7LiedlJOlesdmDSqaIpQW5HBQOb_MW0gbcyGBgV1Xzx9L7NiVFuJslf5fmCShewW5Ox7e4ACC0a_ZrVMGXim_1BDK4dOtKogFB3-oLNPxU/w640-h360/10+Trump+finger+wag.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">
Biden is not worried. His campaign reassured the country that “the United States government is perfectly capable of escorting trespassers out of the White House.” Trump’s supporters, in and out of government, might not be as sanguine about removal. Here it is worth noting that when British colonists revolted in the 1770s and pursued a course of violent revolution to establish an independent nation-state, they did so with much weaker cause and provocation than America’s democratic citizens possess today.
<br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br />
Donald Trump, despite the known dangers, has lied over and over (again) about the Covid-19 global pandemic, making an effective national response impossible. He has refused to advocate the most basic precautions to stop the spread of the virus and protect American citizens, instead encouraging his base to believe, wrongly, that their freedom was at stake if they wore a mask. In an all out effort to secure s second term, through reelection or otherwise, Trump has insisted on reopening the economy without adequate precautions and sponsored superspreader events at the White House and in numerous states on the campaign trail, resulting in the dissemination of the virus. It can be argued that his boundless narcissism, breathtaking incompetence, and criminal neglect of this deadly disease have needlessly cost tens of thousands of Americans, perhaps more, their lives, rendering Trump a uniquely political serial killer. Can any democratic citizen can be expected to subject themselves to his rule? </span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXyXZivK9aEIwsKnp3HleR4kBXeQAqZZ4sep5M7PLZe6n_IdWYfcVA5cVe9V-UdHxvLSvPFiObODX1UfoWuFkLj3vpZ9IgcR0MvY1fVVMTFVhFBpm6WcPWP6PF3i1o4FPZKGYMzdOQYm4/s1431/11+Super+spread.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="806" data-original-width="1431" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXyXZivK9aEIwsKnp3HleR4kBXeQAqZZ4sep5M7PLZe6n_IdWYfcVA5cVe9V-UdHxvLSvPFiObODX1UfoWuFkLj3vpZ9IgcR0MvY1fVVMTFVhFBpm6WcPWP6PF3i1o4FPZKGYMzdOQYm4/w640-h360/11+Super+spread.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br />
Donald Trump has told nearly twenty-five thousand lies, tracked by <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/10/22/president-trump-is-averaging-more-than-50-false-or-misleading-claims-day/">The Washington Post</a>, while in office. These lies, from inauguration crowds to Covid-19 to his defeat by Joe Biden, make democratic politics nearly impossible by deliberately confusing an alternative fictional reality with truth. Trump’s lies serve a number of political purposes. Perhaps the primary effect is to render accountability impossible and obscure the threat that Trump and Trumpism’s far right agenda poses to American democracy. Insofar as the media try to hold him accountable, which is one of their critical functions, he labels them the “enemy of the people.” Trump’s ambition is to undermine trust in the media, to disempower it, enabling him to pursue the party’s right wing program with as little effective opposition as possible. The media are not Trump’s only enemy, of course. Trump and Trump’s America are defined by their enemies, which they constantly and endlessly create, all of whom are actual or would-be targets of violence, both state and state-solicited.</span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_zYhYQKamigRtGtBjqYncL9i_EB-x9ykI5BpId5JxegQQcHAAfv6wauCTmh-FmJkAJouRrmSb0kerpB72PGBu9k0j0MJHtszw29mMrufGi2n2P9N8z-zA4ztO7oBxMFD9hYl8dn83mxI/s624/12+graph.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="269" data-original-width="624" height="276" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_zYhYQKamigRtGtBjqYncL9i_EB-x9ykI5BpId5JxegQQcHAAfv6wauCTmh-FmJkAJouRrmSb0kerpB72PGBu9k0j0MJHtszw29mMrufGi2n2P9N8z-zA4ztO7oBxMFD9hYl8dn83mxI/w640-h276/12+graph.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br />
It is evident that Trump and the Republican Party aspire to create what amounts to a second Confederacy, as reactionary and racist as the first. Through their actions and rhetoric they have made it clear they do not believe in democracy and will not—they cannot—share a polity with those unlike and opposed to them. How, then, can democratic citizens be reasonably expected to live alongside them, let alone allow them to impose minority rule over them? Democracy itself, I would argue, is not and should not be a legitimate subject of American elections. But that is what the latter, in part, have become, which is tantamount to asking the country’s democratic citizens, should they lose, to acquiesce in their own political domination. The next round of this dynamic is now scheduled for 2024.
<br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br />
Perhaps the United States of America, thanks to would-be destruction of its basic institutions, practices, and norms from one side of the political divide marking it, is an idea whose time has cone and gone. But from the ashes of Trump’s America, a new nation might be born. Fortunately, it already exists, if inchoately. Among other things, this new nation needs to divorce its revanchist other half and redraw its boundaries. Given how the two Americas feel about each other, why can’t such a separation proceed amicably? Or, if this proposal, projecting the loss of the country they claim to love, were to serve as a shocking wake-up call to so-called Red State America(ns), perhaps, as Biden hopes, their better angels might prevail over their darker impulses. Either way, Biden is right about one thing: democracy has to defend itself.
<br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br />
November 15, 2020
</span></span><p></p>Derek Denmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11790693849406992144noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6056235652294517694.post-10555059751383493342020-10-21T10:52:00.005-07:002020-10-21T12:07:27.788-07:00Rethinking White Supremacy on the Mall<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMqh1OI89dKIn5xFgujAvdKtgF1LaaaA6LU7NlliMjdGIg2oeUbzP1x-FU7jnvsgKD0t-BTB7Z5TcVPtWo3aSLUrvGyrnBG8XGxIIvWx4YYHYWnYd7ktfxTuOek80L1eMEbX9UzZhjRQs/s876/Societys+Cage.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="657" data-original-width="876" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMqh1OI89dKIn5xFgujAvdKtgF1LaaaA6LU7NlliMjdGIg2oeUbzP1x-FU7jnvsgKD0t-BTB7Z5TcVPtWo3aSLUrvGyrnBG8XGxIIvWx4YYHYWnYd7ktfxTuOek80L1eMEbX9UzZhjRQs/w640-h480/Societys+Cage.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhL_MBJYgqx0ibDJ1x-7EprIzl5Ykma8h3CHh4_8T7zBuuEvGOQZBri1syAdYJLbrysVKz7OYgNFGxgcIxjcORbxHHyN_-KZ3eH4A_IngqhPr1MHUar7roYAuq7-asCSD8OZziODixdaBI/s640/Steve+Johnston.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="480" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhL_MBJYgqx0ibDJ1x-7EprIzl5Ykma8h3CHh4_8T7zBuuEvGOQZBri1syAdYJLbrysVKz7OYgNFGxgcIxjcORbxHHyN_-KZ3eH4A_IngqhPr1MHUar7roYAuq7-asCSD8OZziODixdaBI/w150-h200/Steve+Johnston.JPG" width="150" /></a><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span><span><b>Steven Johnston</b>
is Neal A. Maxwell Chair in Political Theory, Public Policy, and Public
Service, University of Utah and is the author of, most recently, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Wonder-Cruelty-Ontological-Wonderful-Literature/dp/1498583628"><i>Wonder and Cruelty: Ontological War in 'It's a Wonderful Life'</i></a> and <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Lincoln-Ambiguous-Modernity-Political-Thought/dp/1442261307/ref=tmm_hrd_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=&sr="><i>Lincoln: The Ambiguous Icon</i></a>.</span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span>Donald Trump is running
for reelection on a <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-woodward-coronavirus-panic/2020/09/10/5376cd7c-f375-11ea-999c-67ff7bf6a9d2_story.html?hpid=hp_no-name_trumpdebrief-805pm%3Ahomepage%2Fstory-ans">fear
campaign</a>. He has concluded that he cannot secure a second term unless he
stokes racial fears and animosities in both his base and certain undecided groups
of voters. Trump’s conclusion is no surprise given that his record of “accomplishments”
amounts to wasteful, destructive tax cuts for the wealthy and corporations, inflating
by tens of billions of dollars an already bloated defense budget, and deliberately
reckless deregulatory schemes many of which are animated by racial hatred of
Barack Obama. The latter, among other things, pose grave threats to not just the
country’s environment but also to the planet. In more ways than one, then, Trump
constitutes a global menace.</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span></span></span></span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinAwKzEHdFZzpjoBTATvMP13Q9aoAcfH-K3SUdWxEjOdre1ZVDJptGd7c1ceZv15OVJYp1tMDrjGrWbuLEOKlRj6YmhcI-jg8rN3F8ziNgxSkjWIX5Bq8z2SwWQnF7cgsoWgkZW6TLBJg/s600/1+Trump.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="600" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinAwKzEHdFZzpjoBTATvMP13Q9aoAcfH-K3SUdWxEjOdre1ZVDJptGd7c1ceZv15OVJYp1tMDrjGrWbuLEOKlRj6YmhcI-jg8rN3F8ziNgxSkjWIX5Bq8z2SwWQnF7cgsoWgkZW6TLBJg/w640-h426/1+Trump.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;">There are multiple dimensions to Trump’s fear-driven stratagems.
One involves dispatching federal storm troopers to American cities to attack
racial justice activists and foment violent conflict between citizens and the
state. He exacerbates scenes of disruption that he then insists only he can
stabilize.</span></span></div><p></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span>Another involves suggesting
to white suburban housewives that their safe, comfortable racial enclaves will
soon be overrun by poor people in low cost housing (Trump’s racist code), a
threat only he can preempt.</span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span></span></span></span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7iG0w7cOH3UDcXxVbQIA_7WrWf90HhQwKFCjQhCqzp2t75bpvQOvp7DJmG6GgS3BVZt8MPyBrun5FkqktIuf1z10TwEUxkUevzoPkRh-w7A9RO7h1FeMlddosnJnquHWVJg5Xg1EcCyk/s1014/Trump+tweet.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1014" data-original-width="732" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7iG0w7cOH3UDcXxVbQIA_7WrWf90HhQwKFCjQhCqzp2t75bpvQOvp7DJmG6GgS3BVZt8MPyBrun5FkqktIuf1z10TwEUxkUevzoPkRh-w7A9RO7h1FeMlddosnJnquHWVJg5Xg1EcCyk/w462-h640/Trump+tweet.jpg" width="462" /></a></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span> </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span>A third involves the celebration
and protection of reactionary relics in civic space, more specifically, racially-charged
public monuments and memorials that work to efface ugly memories of the
American past. Trump deplores the removal or destruction of Confederate
statuary. Not only does he object to removing<span>
</span>tributes to notorious racists and traitors such as Robert E. Lee. He
also insinuates that those “radicals” who target this aspect of American
history (or “heritage,” now another racist code word) will set their sights
next on the beloved Washington Monument and Jefferson Memorial. Trump’s fear
peddling even provoked <a href="https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/505271-bidengovernment-must-protect-monuments-to-washington-jefferson">Joe
Biden into defending them</a>, however weak the defense.</span></span></span></div><p></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span></span></span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9M_fbHUmVAz0bepm-DQhc2v55Zy7FYz2NUYhuvVt8t4tpWcaqSm31HKoQIxpebOELgrTE6Vd98mdqoSW4s1cFGMx2Wsnbi8nqJdnwjMFYhGPIQk5B74vZS4f2VEtqeHrEHUrqs8ZXa0g/s1024/Statue.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="683" data-original-width="1024" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9M_fbHUmVAz0bepm-DQhc2v55Zy7FYz2NUYhuvVt8t4tpWcaqSm31HKoQIxpebOELgrTE6Vd98mdqoSW4s1cFGMx2Wsnbi8nqJdnwjMFYhGPIQk5B74vZS4f2VEtqeHrEHUrqs8ZXa0g/w640-h426/Statue.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div><p><span style="font-size: large;"><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>While there is no
threat to either structure, Trump’s mock hysteria provides a timely opportunity
to rethink the Mall in Washington, D.C, the nation’s most sacred symbolic ground,
especially its contributions to and celebrations of white supremacy. Let’s
assume, then, that Trump’s reaction was warranted, pretending that these iconic
structures are in danger. What, if anything, is problematic about eliminating
the Washington Monument and Jefferson Memorial from the Mall in Washington,
D.C.?</span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span></span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghpUohAvTNVwLKB3hPNqFKP6S2D-DL9uO0Zkp5jsCXhjCq4X7DauhSehd7BnP8VSaz7pIHCfqHvZkJL63Hii2Mq5jJXVaO_qiD9MCLMph7b5rvmIA6L87JfrhH4TBtqSnx93sWHlmYEKc/s1050/McMillan+Plan+National+Mall.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="678" data-original-width="1050" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghpUohAvTNVwLKB3hPNqFKP6S2D-DL9uO0Zkp5jsCXhjCq4X7DauhSehd7BnP8VSaz7pIHCfqHvZkJL63Hii2Mq5jJXVaO_qiD9MCLMph7b5rvmIA6L87JfrhH4TBtqSnx93sWHlmYEKc/w640-h414/McMillan+Plan+National+Mall.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></div><p></p><div style="text-align: left;"></div><p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span><span><span><span><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/09/02/removing-washington-monument-jefferson-memorial-historians/">Historians
often object</a> to the removal of civic architecture from public space. Washington
and Jefferson, we are told, played significant roles in the nation’s founding,
suggesting that it is better to contextualize their historical contributions than
deny them, which removal would supposedly represent. Locate an informational
plaque in the vicinity of their memorials, explaining America’s fraught origins
and the morally compromised lives of these towering figures. In this self-critical
way, new generations of citizens can learn more about the country’s birth and
its founders. The same purpose could be achieved by building counter-memorials,
if space allows, alongside those already in place, pointing to the modes of
supremacy they efface and thereby subjecting them to monumental contestation.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span><span><span><span><span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<![endif]--></span><span>If maintaining a
statue in place is deemed unacceptable, as with Confederate memorials, which
are nothing more than brazen symbols of white supremacy erected well after the
Civil War to express the triumphal return of white power in the South, the next
best option is to relocate them to a remote destination or museum. Under no
circumstances, however, should they be destroyed. This would be tantamount to
erasing history, an act purportedly antithetical to the open spirit of
democracy.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;">But is this actually the case? What if we think along more
democratic political lines? What if we think of the space of a monument or
memorial as site of democratic contestation? In this regard, we might take a
lesson, however inadvertently, from Jefferson himself, who late in his life insisted
that each generation was sovereign and had the right to institute its own
constitution and government. Contrary to much popular belief, Jefferson wrote, nothing
that comes before is “<a href="http://tjrs.monticello.org/letter/1384">too
sacred to be to touched</a>.” It would be optimal, he argued, if some kind of democratic
reconstitution took place about every 19 or 20 years.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;">Why not treat public monuments and memorials in the same
fashion? When a democracy proposes and builds a monument or memorial, why
should it be <i>automatically assumed</i>
that the resultant structure must live in perpetuity? Following the inspirational
lead of (West) Germany’s <a href="http://www.harvarddesignmagazine.org/issues/9/memory-and-counter-memory">counter-monument
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
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<![endif]--></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdQre9fonp1GSaMlz8q-4f4unIA9f7XujQwE-uo75sOQDn-75wIjPa2ec4S8-fyPzj9qfzCdzdsT_7ltIGwSrqaUshyphenhyphenKw1OXx0HHL0iwvlJi0ZshRuOoNGRWwCmS3L-mpPaJwHrerXeis/s1800/Corner.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1800" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdQre9fonp1GSaMlz8q-4f4unIA9f7XujQwE-uo75sOQDn-75wIjPa2ec4S8-fyPzj9qfzCdzdsT_7ltIGwSrqaUshyphenhyphenKw1OXx0HHL0iwvlJi0ZshRuOoNGRWwCmS3L-mpPaJwHrerXeis/w640-h426/Corner.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: large;"><span></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: large;"><span>After all, we build
monuments and memorials mostly for ourselves, not those they ostensibly honor. They
are more political than historical artifacts. They commemorate, but the character
of the commemoration exceeds the past it also recovers. Architectural subjects and
designs reflect contemporary values, purposes, and understandings. If we no
longer find the Washington or Jefferson reflective of those values, contributive
to those purposes, or in harmony with those understandings, why not remove them?
In their case, the replacement process itself would necessarily occasion a
vibrant democratic conversation, even struggle, over the nature of the
country’s founding creed and its basic ideals, perhaps contributing to a
democratic revival as the country seeks desperately to realize and sometimes
recreate those ideals.</span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: large;"><span><span>Let it be remembered:
Washington died in 1799; construction of the monument bearing his name did not begin
until 1848; private funds had to be raised and there were never enough; the
monument was not dedicated until 1885, a schedule that betrays little sense of
urgency. What’s more, there was opposition to it from the beginning, along
republican lines (among others). How, then, did this edifice acquire the near-sacred
status it now seems to enjoy? How did it become “too sacred to be touched”?</span></span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6LjC8sEQpsB_BNGwWl8hPORgCyoGrfOKVK7r0GOLnCOYPQSJN4F8mRcjNQ-jJ36yVtsM3TyHcB5Ii76jcQPcWB8E7ZvHH1rjX-b4gRs9aMF8dMFEtNUU001qs-_gBFY2N9zsq62cvwZ4/s400/Washington+Monument.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="400" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6LjC8sEQpsB_BNGwWl8hPORgCyoGrfOKVK7r0GOLnCOYPQSJN4F8mRcjNQ-jJ36yVtsM3TyHcB5Ii76jcQPcWB8E7ZvHH1rjX-b4gRs9aMF8dMFEtNUU001qs-_gBFY2N9zsq62cvwZ4/w400-h400/Washington+Monument.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>The Washington Monument
is an obelisk. Egyptian in origin, an obelisk stands for life, a ray of
sunlight. On the Mall, however, the founding it represents came at horrific
cost, especially along racial lines—actualities <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/17/us/politics/trump-patriotic-education.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage">Trump’s
demand</a> for right-wing, know-nothing educational indoctrination cannot alter.
Given the dispossession, enslavement, and destruction it entailed, the founding
was an inherently ambiguous achievement, which the Washington Monument elides,
in large part because <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/14/magazine/1619-america-slavery.html?searchResultPosition=1">the
founding started well before the late eighteenth century</a>. For that reason
alone, a new memorial to the founding is apt. Otherwise, we continue to live—proudly,
publicly—in denial rather than truth. If you want another reason, reducing anything
as complex as a founding to one grandiose white father figure, whatever his
prominence, is a historical, even childish absurdity unbefitting a
self-governing democratic people.</span></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span><span></span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span><span><span><span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--></span><span>While there’s plenty
of room around the Washington Monument for informational supplements or even a
counter-memorial, the former would lack the drama and excitement of a new
memorial, and the latter might be rendered effectively invisible by the
gargantuan obelisk. A new memorial could breathe life into a stale, pedestrian
space, as it would be conceived and built by a multiracial coalition and could draw
for inspiration on more recent architectural innovations that engage America’s terrible
histories (such as Maya Lin’s Vietnam Veterans Memorial wall and The National
Memorial for Peace and Justice in Montgomery, Alabama).</span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv0-7pI2dTaw3oIbIwoKR5mwB-Fl3oh1Wo0oiTQLmtISYIi6TdeJpIJoIHUiU5kSE_HnanszRsT6SadKjq2fIFracFeyqlJAAF-Ga32x3-c_boFFHDTJ3TCaU-yBG967-9DCn6nXCMi3s/s1405/National+Memorial.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="756" data-original-width="1405" height="344" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv0-7pI2dTaw3oIbIwoKR5mwB-Fl3oh1Wo0oiTQLmtISYIi6TdeJpIJoIHUiU5kSE_HnanszRsT6SadKjq2fIFracFeyqlJAAF-Ga32x3-c_boFFHDTJ3TCaU-yBG967-9DCn6nXCMi3s/w640-h344/National+Memorial.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></div><p></p><div style="text-align: left;"></div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span><span><span><span><span>The same is true of
the Jefferson Memorial, designed as a glorious testament to freedom and a
vehement broadside against tyranny. While its inscriptions complicate the third
president’s vexed relationship to slavery (the sentences on the northeast
portico condemn the relationship between master and slave as despotism), they
can’t overcome, for one, the ugly reality that Jefferson theorized plans to
remove every Black person from the United States until the end of his life. This
is hardly a figure to be enshrined on the Mall. Besides, Jefferson built two lasting
monuments to himself, Monticello and the University of Virginia, which should more
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<![endif]--></span><span>Why not a memorial to
abolition(ists) and emancipation? Across the Tidal Basin from the Martin Luther
King Memorial, a tribute to Frederick Douglass, author of arguably America’s
greatest patriotic oration, “What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?” might
well replace Jefferson. Douglass’s famous July 5<sup>th</sup>, 1852, oration in
Rochester, New York, models what it means to be a democratic citizen (to
others, a critical patriot) committed to his country and shows that commitment
by holding it to account and trying to compel it to realize its basic ideals.
He is a forerunner of the Black Lives Matter movement and a monument to his
life, work, and legacy would encompass America’s founding, the present
rebellious moment, and beyond. It’s just one, rather traditional, architectural
possibility.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
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table.MsoNormalTable
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mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
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mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:8.0pt;
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<![endif]--></span><span>Once the Washington
and Jefferson were replaced with worthy “successors,” would anyone actually miss
them? Whether the answer is yes or no, in another 30 or 40 years we would start
this dynamic democratic process all over again. In the meantime, tearing them
down could be the occasion for a bacchanalian celebration of (commemorative)
democratic possibility. Think of the outpouring of joy that accompanied the
fall—the destruction—of the Berlin wall. It signaled a new day, a new birth of
freedom in Eastern Europe. To the extent that we might find such a reference,
if not comparison, inappropriate and even insulting is the extent to which
white supremacy reigns supreme on the Mall.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwQDFgl7a-nj6iprNHw0WSs_mQp6qC26RvwzThn_4sjszIpa1yAagAYXrfHSN-bZkN5iI2-2Pw9kjJoqqRjqIxDr7xJrSYZvzBwFHBcuv7xW49x7t_2V52FLF93-QJr7GbqLn6xMIni-M/s800/Berlin+Wall.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="800" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwQDFgl7a-nj6iprNHw0WSs_mQp6qC26RvwzThn_4sjszIpa1yAagAYXrfHSN-bZkN5iI2-2Pw9kjJoqqRjqIxDr7xJrSYZvzBwFHBcuv7xW49x7t_2V52FLF93-QJr7GbqLn6xMIni-M/w640-h426/Berlin+Wall.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>September 18, 2020 </span> </span> </span> </span> </span> </span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span> </span></span></span></p>Derek Denmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11790693849406992144noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6056235652294517694.post-35507031514036338992020-09-13T11:07:00.001-07:002020-09-13T11:07:52.301-07:00Two Characters at the Bookends of Modernity <span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxIxQ1yGWDCIltkJvqZMf5tPDc2tdGUqOLLGYZoZ33FOKrvgNIsiFuKBfeDTcJJ_4QSU7wGoXNOmnvkDX1rxfv_lEByl6jQahyphenhyphenw_I7D9RDKF-N6rrBHlDu9AimUpe-tknclw3BmyCPwdI3/s320/dumm_thomas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="274" data-original-width="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxIxQ1yGWDCIltkJvqZMf5tPDc2tdGUqOLLGYZoZ33FOKrvgNIsiFuKBfeDTcJJ_4QSU7wGoXNOmnvkDX1rxfv_lEByl6jQahyphenhyphenw_I7D9RDKF-N6rrBHlDu9AimUpe-tknclw3BmyCPwdI3/s0/dumm_thomas.jpg" /></a></div>Thomas Dumm </b></span><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">William H. Hastie Professor of Political Ethics<br />Amherst College<br /><br /><b>I</b><br />Does this sound familiar?<br /><br />A person relentlessly seeks wealth as his primary goal in life. That same person sees the reputation for having wealth and acquiring more of it to signify the only meaningful measure of his value, a sign from God of His blessing, an indicator of his superiority to all others. Acquiring wealth is an end in itself for him. Relentlessly he seeks more and more. He sees the world around him in absolute terms, using superlatives to describe everything he sees and experiences through the exclusive lens of his pregiven assumptions. Things are either the best or the worst. He fails to understand nuance, ambiguity, or even the possibility of anything not being subject to his pregiven knowledge, his always-already-in-place determination of what is. He argues from the authority he believes he has been given as a gift from God. Experience will never modify his understanding. All things outside of his own consciousness of the world are no more than objects to be interpreted in such ways as to confirm his pregiven sense of what they are. He knows what he will find in advance of finding it and will insist on its reality whether it exists or not. (Indeed, he will, when possible, punish those who suggest that he may be mistaken in his claims.)</span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span> </span>He names things, places and people according to his understanding of their attributes. Things, places and people must be given names that correspond to their attributes, and they all are equally subject to this naming, because for him they exist only insofar as he can name them. He understands his own name to be the absolute and clear definition of who he is. Proper names of other people serve only as denotations. (He does not understand what connotation is.) All that is other than him is reduced to the same.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"> He has no interest in languages other than his own, because he knows that there are no other languages than his. If he accepts someone into his circle it is because they speak his language, and hence they are the same as he is, only less so. If he believes someone does not speak his language, he determines that they are different.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"> He understands that anyone who is different from him is inferior to him, in fact, does not exist for him except as a thing. (In the end, this will mean that everything is a thing to him.) Because he knows in advance who is the same as he is and who is different, he assimilates those who are the same into his world, and casts the others aside, going so far as to reject their very existence as a blot upon his world.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh10RRWg9QKhyphenhyphen0G34FEav4_V6TMgw2BZF8vjWr2rxgdDPP-T-ivGlvKVo-IvjrgFmpfMGtoKxAORDcimUTGAoPEN8_5v0CLltLDFC3W_DJe3tflnjP8UHPLoVQy50Jeot6t5ZFF3TcY_YeD/s1280/BN-TN680_POD052_M_20170521172940.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="853" data-original-width="1280" height="416" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh10RRWg9QKhyphenhyphen0G34FEav4_V6TMgw2BZF8vjWr2rxgdDPP-T-ivGlvKVo-IvjrgFmpfMGtoKxAORDcimUTGAoPEN8_5v0CLltLDFC3W_DJe3tflnjP8UHPLoVQy50Jeot6t5ZFF3TcY_YeD/w625-h416/BN-TN680_POD052_M_20170521172940.jpg" width="625" /></span></a></div></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><b>II</b><br />You may be thinking that this is a slightly eccentric but quite recognizable characterization of the persona of Donald Trump. All of the attributes of this person line up with the qualities of that man so many of us have come to recognize over these past (endless) five years if not before. His obsession with wealth and the reputation for having wealth (even when he may not be as wealthy as he insists that he is) is one of his most famous attributes. Less well known is that he thinks he enjoys a special relationship to God, a conclusion based on his embrace of the relentlessly magical thinking of the pastor of the church he attended as a child, Norman Vincent Peale, whose doctrine is summed up in the title of his most famous book, The Power of Positive Thinking. He was raised in a deeply dysfunctional family, by a billionaire father, Fred, whose own secular Manicheanism led him to reject any deviation from a doctrine of absolute success versus absolute failure, of winners and losers in a zero-sum game. Trump learned from early on in life to deny any possibility that he might not succeed, contrasting his reputed genius in business (and eventually in all other matters) with the failure of anyone of those with whom he would be competing, including his own older brother, playing a zero-sum game where one’s success means the other’s failure.</span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ-lsfO8S4IouWX_qtOjHaHKMZyohIv_NUwwdVoec8KVFlQ8gQnWaemH0OUqYfY0ufQK_RLluHLoh581UHLG0slBdnDbVRbR0aH-PUJb7CTi2A8wmx2V_G3-g45LfJPZrb-uLqahOZNAgm/s1432/Screen+Shot+2020-09-13+at+7.06.32+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="1432" height="350" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ-lsfO8S4IouWX_qtOjHaHKMZyohIv_NUwwdVoec8KVFlQ8gQnWaemH0OUqYfY0ufQK_RLluHLoh581UHLG0slBdnDbVRbR0aH-PUJb7CTi2A8wmx2V_G3-g45LfJPZrb-uLqahOZNAgm/w625-h350/Screen+Shot+2020-09-13+at+7.06.32+AM.png" width="625" /></span></a></div></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;">What has often been described as Trump’s insulation from or even his attack on reality may more appropriately be termed his ongoing construction of an alternative reality. During the 2016 campaign it was on display all the time, and false equivalences were made by the press and promoted by Trump’s propaganda outlet, Fox News, a phenomenon many noted, but still were puzzled by.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"> On his second day in office this alternative reality attracted enormous attention when Sean Spicer, his first press secretary, berated reporters in the White House press room for underestimating the size of the crowd who attended Trump’s inaugural speech, saying it was "the largest audience ever to witness an inauguration, period – both in person and around the globe." In defense of Spicer, Trump’s final campaign manager for the 2016 election, and his recently appointed senior advisor, Kellyanne Conway, infamously claimed that Spicer was presenting “alternative truths.”</span></div><div style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: center;"> Constant resort to this performative speech act is now a permanent feature of the Trump presidency. Not only he, but his minions, practice it. Those who refused are now gone. And of late he has been resorting more and more to this activity. Some commentators believe his recent turn toward accusing Joe Biden of being a front for radical socialists or black costumed antifa members descending on the suburbs from packed planes, or any one of many outrageous claims is the flailing of a desperate buffoon, simply attempting to distract from his own failings. (I have previously posted on T</span><a href="http://contemporarycondition.blogspot.com/2017/05/thomas-dumm-grotesque-sovereignty-and.html" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: center;" target="_blank">he Contemporary Condition about Trump’s buffoonery</a><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: center;"> as a common feature of fascist leaders – they are clowns, but clowns as Stephen King understands clown.) They are mistaken. For Trump reality is what he says it is, and he will say whatever it takes to make the non-conforming outside world bend to his reality.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: start;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOSf5bsrhrHiN6ykCz0TEyEUES1vCDdQIWNDYYr58uCkOC0s6gJmFZ4KcGhBJtCRvtrmx2wH2CvGO4GIF6WmafFB2AGGgfxF2CjuKShTvBjR-NXOyTuAxvFm6nsT9sgxbRgLTP_KlKjItQ/s717/trump-make-america-obey.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="717" data-original-width="539" height="625" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOSf5bsrhrHiN6ykCz0TEyEUES1vCDdQIWNDYYr58uCkOC0s6gJmFZ4KcGhBJtCRvtrmx2wH2CvGO4GIF6WmafFB2AGGgfxF2CjuKShTvBjR-NXOyTuAxvFm6nsT9sgxbRgLTP_KlKjItQ/w470-h625/trump-make-america-obey.jpg" width="470" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;">These commentators are repeating their earlier failure to understand the importance of lies in the creation of political reality. They seem to have forgotten the power of the lies told by members of the Bush administration in the post 9/11 years. They failed then to grasp the importance of a statement by Bush’s senior advisor, Karl Rove, who asserted, “We’re an empire now, and we create our own reality.” (That Bush had nicknames for people, even the fond and yet nasty nickname for Rove, “Turd Blossom,” placed him in the vestibule of the fascism that Trump has now embraced explicitly. Trump, of course, love nicknames for his enemies.) Now, in the approach to the 2020 election, the stakes seem to be even higher, as some of his white nationalist supporters are calling for civil war as a response to the imagined forces of antifa.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: start;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWzpgsrXl0N8U7qOgrQn3kTK5-J0uj-LCHJW68CWY4eab3Pq6jmxPgCqxv1a7XTj1iBtcWqdG6aTMJElu2e56iETkNe6T2isAYOMKjdzELfwQiUdtmrBcJxxMTxCwtmJzqNnvhDTaLySo9/s1864/Screen+Shot+2020-09-13+at+7.17.19+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1214" data-original-width="1864" height="406" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWzpgsrXl0N8U7qOgrQn3kTK5-J0uj-LCHJW68CWY4eab3Pq6jmxPgCqxv1a7XTj1iBtcWqdG6aTMJElu2e56iETkNe6T2isAYOMKjdzELfwQiUdtmrBcJxxMTxCwtmJzqNnvhDTaLySo9/w625-h406/Screen+Shot+2020-09-13+at+7.17.19+AM.png" width="625" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;">A finalism of knowledge based upon a pregiven sense of what must be real requires of its subject a certain kind of rigor, an enormous negative energy devoted to a denial of the evidence of a common reality that floats before one’s eyes. The exhilaration of Trump’s followers is that of true believers, who see him fighting against fake news and lying liberals, yes, but also who understand that his extraordinary exaggerations bespeak of a power they admire and crave. The exhaustion so many others, non-believers, have experienced during Trump’s years in the American presidency is not surprising in this sense. In the face of such a persistent construction of a reality at odds with what were once called “facts on the ground,” it becomes increasingly difficult for most citizens to reassert a common sense of reality. <a href="https://slate.com/human-interest/2016/09/trump-induced-anxiety-is-a-real-thing.html" target="_blank">They are exhausted by the deliberate use of cognitive dissonance</a> as a political weapon.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: start;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd8vSv0bxyHJkOGoMzA5a9l_V1D9B9T6bFJiKF20w80rGTJaIDuI_QlOpEoS2qhdQ8VpJqMdhAciDlqK4a1N8w5sa-RyDZMx_EXTdGdpjVK97fQrcYjgIBn7uUov7G4hJZU3-vE4uf1geq/s1500/Screen+Shot+2020-09-13+at+7.22.54+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1150" data-original-width="1500" height="383" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd8vSv0bxyHJkOGoMzA5a9l_V1D9B9T6bFJiKF20w80rGTJaIDuI_QlOpEoS2qhdQ8VpJqMdhAciDlqK4a1N8w5sa-RyDZMx_EXTdGdpjVK97fQrcYjgIBn7uUov7G4hJZU3-vE4uf1geq/w500-h383/Screen+Shot+2020-09-13+at+7.22.54+AM.png" width="500" /></span></a></div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">This is, of course, an updating of </span><a href="http://contemporarycondition.blogspot.com/2011/12/return-of-big-lie.html" style="font-family: georgia;" target="_blank">the strategy of the Big Lie</a><span style="font-family: georgia;"> deployed so effectively in Nazi Germany by Hitler’s propaganda machine. The constant repetition, then by radio, now by Twitter, make those opposed to the regime exhausted and vulnerable to attack, and correspondingly energizes those who are already inclined to believe the substance of it. The drastic simplification of language which underwrites the establishment of naming languages not only aids Trump in presenting his alternative reality: it explains his derisive naming of his opponent.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"> The simplification of language also explains his desire to label everything he can with the name TRUMP. It informs his contempt for those who speak foreign languages. “This is a country where we speak English, not Spanish,” he said during the 2016 presidential campaign. For Trump there really is only one language, American English, the language he hears on Fox News, not even the language he reads, when and if he does. (Any time I hear protests from monolingual Americans about people failing to speak English, I think of what a woman in Texas said some decades ago: “If English was good enough for Jesus, it ought to be good enough for them.”)</span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicVENHwTzPrNou__rULf5nhE6gaM-7Owjh8QSqlNwAPEGKAm0XK5NU5BJ2F4Wi44jcyV5YRBToZ3gNPxMYb4V1eAeW1g7jLgSSmSTz2HV6JwamLlBcZVviwVAQa4rSJoMLM8O1zn_eeaHh/s827/Screen-Shot-2015-09-16-at-9.38.41-AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="674" data-original-width="827" height="510" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicVENHwTzPrNou__rULf5nhE6gaM-7Owjh8QSqlNwAPEGKAm0XK5NU5BJ2F4Wi44jcyV5YRBToZ3gNPxMYb4V1eAeW1g7jLgSSmSTz2HV6JwamLlBcZVviwVAQa4rSJoMLM8O1zn_eeaHh/w625-h510/Screen-Shot-2015-09-16-at-9.38.41-AM.png" width="625" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;">Those who speak other languages are not fully human for him. They are inferior, they live in “shithole countries,” or effete and weak ones. Unless they are ruled by tyrants whom he identifies as strong, like him, other countries are evil threats to America. Even those who have come to the United States and are citizens need to go back to where they came from. Even if they were born in the United States they are foreign. They cannot be truly American.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"> While the word “America” is a synecdoche for the United States, as it has been for politicians for centuries, for Trump, America is an absolute reality. Therefore, any perceived threat to his America is absolute. Any phenomenon that deviates from the final reality of that glorious place, his Imago Mundi, his earthly paradise, represents yet another threat by those forces of evil that would invade it, snakes in the Trumpian Garden of Eden.</span></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW6vVmRKO6YOLRYYJ_I8HkRUhsowmzgsmQzzyFG5jzVZEduZLW7aNBb7H57v0BjX0xlq8W_f1Ec8zxGIOSUYfwY6inO5RKihQ535buDM2P-v-_XjqZxVDz3ZKvXTdbywTLK0QlHC0bndSv/s980/gallery-1469476258-gettyimages-97212033-master.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="649" data-original-width="980" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW6vVmRKO6YOLRYYJ_I8HkRUhsowmzgsmQzzyFG5jzVZEduZLW7aNBb7H57v0BjX0xlq8W_f1Ec8zxGIOSUYfwY6inO5RKihQ535buDM2P-v-_XjqZxVDz3ZKvXTdbywTLK0QlHC0bndSv/w625-h414/gallery-1469476258-gettyimages-97212033-master.jpg" width="625" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;">Binaries are everywhere for Trump. Men over women. White over Black. Rich over poor. Straight over queer. Suburb over city. Republican over Democrat. Evangelical over secular. America over the rest of the world. Frozen in place, MAGA is the sign extolling the supremacy of rich, white, straight, suburban, evangelical Christian men, those who constitute the true America, the America that supports Trump, and Trump alone.</span></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqDE6c3aeTrWQAkD8zI2lC8E_FZmZQKKbCzx87aDEFy98zcK2dsfaC30VSh8qk4f7ifGf06Zq0Vxuf39cb185cBSxXSRnaBG_tmxblc0YTVoilGVlQblzQdClgHaBnN84xI4kpErNOd3Dh/s1472/Screen+Shot+2020-09-13+at+7.29.14+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="978" data-original-width="1472" height="416" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqDE6c3aeTrWQAkD8zI2lC8E_FZmZQKKbCzx87aDEFy98zcK2dsfaC30VSh8qk4f7ifGf06Zq0Vxuf39cb185cBSxXSRnaBG_tmxblc0YTVoilGVlQblzQdClgHaBnN84xI4kpErNOd3Dh/w625-h416/Screen+Shot+2020-09-13+at+7.29.14+AM.png" width="625" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;">While I do not disagree with analyses that present Trump as a psychologically damaged man, most importantly and systematically explained by his psychoanalyst niece Mary Trump, he is more than that by far. Many commentators have properly argued that Trump and Trumpism is the culmination of a long process in the transformation of the Republican Party from being a neoliberal bastion of free markets into a white nationalist party. But others, such as Wendy Brown and William Connolly, have properly noted that neoliberalism itself is at the root of this turn to a neo-fascist program dependent on fear of the other. They see the linkages between the economic inequality fostered by neoliberalism and the many social inequalities of our time as deep, undoubtedly understanding that it is more than an economic doctrine at play. As Nancy MacLean documents in her <a href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Democracy_in_Chains.html?id=iW4ADAAAQBAJ" target="_blank">history of modern neoliberalism, Democracy in Chains</a>, such doctrines have been explicitly embraced in the United States as far back as their promotion by John Calhoun, who argued in the 1820s and 30s from South Carolina (then the wealthiest state in the country) that the freedom to own property unfettered by the state, including chattel slaves, is the most important freedom that the United States was founded to preserve. We are the inheritors of Calhoun, and structural racism is one of his most important legacies.</span></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_qzXbjMwTGWe9lGyOhiTTKwVxV9SI0Yej_mlyDQXJmYryHKJLao1VfEHCGk5ZN-fOBHpGfGM1QhWTSu1Kwu4tmdEqzrMyXl63RvTzJMB9PeSaL4JujQurARmMHORMxgpzN7hpHMeJzP4a/s1396/slave_auction.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="950" data-original-width="1396" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_qzXbjMwTGWe9lGyOhiTTKwVxV9SI0Yej_mlyDQXJmYryHKJLao1VfEHCGk5ZN-fOBHpGfGM1QhWTSu1Kwu4tmdEqzrMyXl63RvTzJMB9PeSaL4JujQurARmMHORMxgpzN7hpHMeJzP4a/w625-h426/slave_auction.jpg" width="625" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;">Trump makes similar claims, minus the defense of slavery, to advance his electoral chances. In this election, as has become increasingly clear over the past month especially, he has divided the nation into the superior and the inferior – indeed, his embrace of white supremacists (what better name for those who are superior?) has become more explicit as they have begun to show up in protesting cities to incite violence. They are often embraced by those police, a sign of an increasingly explicit racist police culture. Recently, Trump Tweeted that a caravan of 600 cars of white supremacists who descended on Portland, Oregon on the 29th of August are true American patriots. (This is a statement that goes far beyond his “good people on both sides” comment on the infamous Charlottesville alt-right tiki-torch march.) His “visit” to another troubled city, Kenosha, Wisconsin where a young white supremist from Illinois shot and killed two protesters and wounded a third included his defense of that young killer. He knows this will foment further violence. As she leaves his administration Kellyanne Conway not only admits this is his electoral strategy, she praises it, as do many other Republican politicians.</span></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPqEsyvF5-paIg8570Y3KYDpg6_fGxqoQVv0PjDQztrHEuEJUggrj2XZVAA3pC5Nj3pk1qFAjVQM1u_ZZH5nXEde_NBWyX2tUxaQO9fK63Ue5QcILCdCCjMgDhyphenhyphena0zffmg755oQp_saxqG/s1990/Screen+Shot+2020-09-13+at+7.37.21+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1378" data-original-width="1990" height="435" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPqEsyvF5-paIg8570Y3KYDpg6_fGxqoQVv0PjDQztrHEuEJUggrj2XZVAA3pC5Nj3pk1qFAjVQM1u_ZZH5nXEde_NBWyX2tUxaQO9fK63Ue5QcILCdCCjMgDhyphenhyphena0zffmg755oQp_saxqG/w625-h435/Screen+Shot+2020-09-13+at+7.37.21+AM.png" width="625" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;">Trump would seem to fit the very definition of the demagogue. But I would also suggest that Trump is perhaps even more than that – that he is, to borrow from Emerson, a “representative man” living in our present who may be ushering in a new form of medievalism, which would signal an end to the modern age. Of course, I am keenly aware that making such a claim, even with a host of qualifications, is arguing from the edge of night. For this to be the case we would need to imagine that modern civilization is on the brink of an historical catastrophe, largely a consequence of the cascading follies that have led the world to our entry into the Anthropocene. In this sense, Trump and Trumpism, as well as his companion neo-fascists throughout the world, could be signaling the end of the epoch of modernity, an ironically fitting bookend to the events that began many centuries ago.</span></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQjZofHTPOCOEVRVDALo93PDfYlXYUe89Br9PY6M8RjP6lSwSi-FQKuJ-oGJOjJ30MvdxFiz2IRddhabYVg5_6l24I24u1nixMFjVIGgK3UjPZyYyOqzakcMMpDFzz4fBV3n_UgWB74w4-/s719/home-img.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="405" data-original-width="719" height="351" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQjZofHTPOCOEVRVDALo93PDfYlXYUe89Br9PY6M8RjP6lSwSi-FQKuJ-oGJOjJ30MvdxFiz2IRddhabYVg5_6l24I24u1nixMFjVIGgK3UjPZyYyOqzakcMMpDFzz4fBV3n_UgWB74w4-/w625-h351/home-img.jpg" width="625" /></span></a></div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><b>III</b><br />This is the thing. Part I of this post was not a description of Donald Trump at all. It was a summary of insights provided by Tzvetan Todorov in the first chapter of his major work on the beginning of the European encounter with what many of us still call the Western hemisphere, The Conquest of America. Todorov was a literary theorist, critic, semiotician, cultural analyst and historian. (First published in 1982 in France, appearing in English in 1984, Todorov’s book challenged the conventional narratives of the Columbian and post-Columbian encounter with the natives of what they would call the New World, providing a carefully documented study of the early encounters of the Spanish with natives of the Caribbean and especially with the Aztec civilization of Mexico.<br /> Todorov is interested in Columbus because he believes that European modernity began with Columbus’s “discovery.” He writes, “Even if every date that permits us to separate any two periods is arbitrary, none is more suitable, in order to mark the beginning of the modern era, than 1492.” Through a careful reading of the journals Columbus kept while on his voyages, and documents of other contemporaries that attempt to describe him and his understanding of the world, Todorov reconstructs Columbus’s world view in the way I described in Part I of this posting.</span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJzECrz6cqNq-4dZI5g8evvscjgE2TwTATVoUhVu-5XFi24IpPqZA0aTOzQcpc5dKpBozxPGzM74BJNS5qhQPSyLVYt1aJr7UPb1fEKMvb2OccxgDmlv7Uh3R69oUF95YZTfbmjRmsY-aN/s1280/the-real-history-of-christopher.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="860" data-original-width="1280" height="420" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJzECrz6cqNq-4dZI5g8evvscjgE2TwTATVoUhVu-5XFi24IpPqZA0aTOzQcpc5dKpBozxPGzM74BJNS5qhQPSyLVYt1aJr7UPb1fEKMvb2OccxgDmlv7Uh3R69oUF95YZTfbmjRmsY-aN/w625-h420/the-real-history-of-christopher.jpg" width="625" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;">But Todorov also argues that Columbus’s entire gestalt was that of a medieval man. His chapter on Columbus explains how it is that this medieval man ushed in the modern age. And that is because Columbus was able, through his flattened understanding of language, his finalist epistemology, and his ruthless pursuit of gold, to set the groundwork for what Todorov describes as the greatest genocide in the history of the world.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"> Just one example of Columbus’s finalism rehearsed by Todorov may suffice to show how tenacious he was. On the first voyage, Columbus writes in his journal of seeing signs of land – birds, seaweed associated with shores, shallowing of water – even though he is still over a thousand miles from his destination. And there is a penalty for any sailor who dared contradict him, either to be whipped severely or have their tongue cut out.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"> Writing in the 1980s, Todorov seems to intuit, rather than understand explicitly, the ominous shadow haunting European modernity. When he writes of “our” modernity, he is clear that he is referring, not to an understanding more or less shared by all of the inhabitants of the globalized world, but only to the European fragment and its offshoots. A self-conscious beneficiary of that world, he was someone whose conscience was deep enough to dedicate The Conquest of America to a Mayan woman in the sixteenth century who was devoured by dogs set upon her by conquistadors. His insight depended as much on that conscience as on his deep intellectual capacities. Empathy matters.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"> Scale matters, too, when thinking about such matters. If Trump is reelected it will very likely be too late to prevent, or even mitigate, what might be an even larger catastrophe than the genocidal early years of the Columbian conquest. The turn toward authoritarian rule will likely intensify. White supremacists are close to linking arms with police throughout the United States even as I write these words. Refugees continue to die at borders throughout the world. The Covid-19 pandemic continues to afflict humans throughout the world (itself likely an indirect consequence of climate change). Hurricanes, while not increasing in numbers, are becoming much more powerful and intense, destroying cities and shorelines throughout the world. The seas continue to rise. The world continues to warm. Just as the age of modernity -- should we also call it the Age of Columbus? -- began with incredibly catastrophic consequences for so many, will it also end in catastrophe?</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br />Stay tuned.</span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6CK3S1ovGpeADFIoYL_Ep1VkiOKtR43x8Gd3mMHSsgs8RgcDKMzt6kJU1YpPR1ssG55p9VBq4azv9puxxjnlSoVA3q7kfwmpyWIofjrR8athNG5sIyG6EpGujJhdETUpXzQJ80aDobYML/s1970/Screen+Shot+2020-09-13+at+7.49.47+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1382" data-original-width="1970" height="548" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6CK3S1ovGpeADFIoYL_Ep1VkiOKtR43x8Gd3mMHSsgs8RgcDKMzt6kJU1YpPR1ssG55p9VBq4azv9puxxjnlSoVA3q7kfwmpyWIofjrR8athNG5sIyG6EpGujJhdETUpXzQJ80aDobYML/w781-h548/Screen+Shot+2020-09-13+at+7.49.47+AM.png" width="781" /></span></a></div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /><br /> <br /></span></span><br /> </div>Jairus Victor Grovehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15030715466285389226noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6056235652294517694.post-54661481610205406192020-09-06T10:12:00.001-07:002020-10-21T12:04:25.784-07:00America’s Coming Coup d’état?<p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><b></b></span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKQKJQNTTPqsg2p9Qu6niXiaCnObdGKFDNVgoOrhbP6EvYLkP3WOYzufRQjOAHHinckq8mGqHxULHt0qdvsNTIGBGPt4JrhmM3FHSXbIiWHDBS_3FuRXYoOGdBs-A-V4NThyphenhyphenAgv19_uqI/s200/Johnston+profile.jpeg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxqt-p6YzC-rrwu3sSItM1J0yHdCE2qXDwjVtXnmXtrJS8v-l67d_iJQR82mRSaXJf7lI2GfzcTdr8slGGWuQHNbjVWTEqB5F5ZBPgV3vQ8V2WewvZiAnzCe3D2iaoS7HUWoPYButHo58/s2048/Trump+militia.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1367" data-original-width="2048" height="419" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxqt-p6YzC-rrwu3sSItM1J0yHdCE2qXDwjVtXnmXtrJS8v-l67d_iJQR82mRSaXJf7lI2GfzcTdr8slGGWuQHNbjVWTEqB5F5ZBPgV3vQ8V2WewvZiAnzCe3D2iaoS7HUWoPYButHo58/w625-h419/Trump+militia.jpg" width="625" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhY8OcdPL8NitO6_eEnh599RVR6xi-Jyn4_hQYLy54FlDJwpUdXnHz8qUGD_tAr_-3Mn_6ezvIqmO-W-grL4JYEAGeVRvMnYPfIQzK_20zh6hQubAgJGISoXpt_rzAGGX6Tid1qkHfhfg/s640/Steve+Johnston.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="480" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhY8OcdPL8NitO6_eEnh599RVR6xi-Jyn4_hQYLy54FlDJwpUdXnHz8qUGD_tAr_-3Mn_6ezvIqmO-W-grL4JYEAGeVRvMnYPfIQzK_20zh6hQubAgJGISoXpt_rzAGGX6Tid1qkHfhfg/w192-h256/Steve+Johnston.JPG" width="192" /></a></div><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKQKJQNTTPqsg2p9Qu6niXiaCnObdGKFDNVgoOrhbP6EvYLkP3WOYzufRQjOAHHinckq8mGqHxULHt0qdvsNTIGBGPt4JrhmM3FHSXbIiWHDBS_3FuRXYoOGdBs-A-V4NThyphenhyphenAgv19_uqI/s200/Johnston+profile.jpeg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a></b></span></div><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Steven Johnston</b>
is Neal A. Maxwell Chair in Political Theory, Public Policy, and Public
Service, University of Utah and is the author of, most recently, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Wonder-Cruelty-Ontological-Wonderful-Literature/dp/1498583628"><i>Wonder and Cruelty: Ontological War in 'It's a Wonderful Life'</i></a> and <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Lincoln-Ambiguous-Modernity-Political-Thought/dp/1442261307/ref=tmm_hrd_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=&sr="><i>Lincoln: The Ambiguous Icon</i></a>.</span><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"> </span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"> </span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"> </span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"> Two days after the conclusion of the Republican National Convention and Don Trump’s interminable 70-minute speech, American fascists took to the streets of Portland, Oregon, to make a show of force against long-committed democratic citizens demonstrating for racial and social justice in the aftermath of George Floyd’s murder by police. (A similar scene unfolded in Kenosha, Wisconsin, earlier in the week after police nearly murdered, but did cripple, Jacob Blake.)<br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHfCsomwhnECSHTBk3tcbFUl-Epdl41lAaXpXrhS9RCm5sY81Tfocx1c9z8ybheTq1EjnBTRh4FpIIRo1daG9eNJPve5BaDzQm4u6ACI3ngQy-hz1G-9QZOHGwSb1pON4-l-bIk-Y2hP8/s1349/Portland+Trump+Caravan.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="891" data-original-width="1349" height="413" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHfCsomwhnECSHTBk3tcbFUl-Epdl41lAaXpXrhS9RCm5sY81Tfocx1c9z8ybheTq1EjnBTRh4FpIIRo1daG9eNJPve5BaDzQm4u6ACI3ngQy-hz1G-9QZOHGwSb1pON4-l-bIk-Y2hP8/w625-h413/Portland+Trump+Caravan.jpg" width="625" /></a></div><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">The motorized Klan caravan they formed in Portland included hundreds of trucks packed with Trump myrmidons, many of them armed, some with paint guns, others no doubt with the real thing. These white thugs often claim to be acting on behalf of private property, but the property that most concerns them is the property right guaranteed them by the second amendment. They love their guns (which aren’t about freedom), the mere possession and display of which give some kind of meaning to their lives. If they’re men, it provides them with a fleeting moment of empowerment in a world that has long ignored them and shuffled them to the sidelines. <br /></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilwbnrXaWPwPsOnJ4JJMIt5gvliQEPdBbCNvsOBXXuNjk2f3I5Suy4dsIxLJDfb98sX_8CPQ0R0iOSp681UKLcQEYLWoSoVAvAKr44uLvXeSiojP-QSphy3XA46BDuu2bDOnGtEEA-LaM/s915/guncountry+michael+murphy+.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="614" data-original-width="915" height="420" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilwbnrXaWPwPsOnJ4JJMIt5gvliQEPdBbCNvsOBXXuNjk2f3I5Suy4dsIxLJDfb98sX_8CPQ0R0iOSp681UKLcQEYLWoSoVAvAKr44uLvXeSiojP-QSphy3XA46BDuu2bDOnGtEEA-LaM/w625-h420/guncountry+michael+murphy+.jpg" width="625" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Don Trump has done nothing to address their legitimate grievances in the age of globalization, at least along economic lines, but he has nurtured their impotent rage at a country that no longer reflects a privileged white image back to them. The country will never be what they want it to be, but when they play militia dress up and tote their guns around on the streets to give them a sense of civic importance—and intimidate and terrorize anyone who threatens their revanchist fantasies—they can insinuate themselves into Trump’s Make America Great Again, again narrative. <br /></span></span><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnmo6NqgLVN5rF0vldQ3tQavWTtX1px8hAftXOXXtEBUpx0QDNVmwaxG6loSlfqtd2L5o40I-QiOQ_mytIwITsAfmz8nezTr8eRmYtScroCa6uKdzAKJROvjJjZItPwxrFCHnh7SYPtHg/s1305/Trump+smug.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="845" data-original-width="1305" height="405" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnmo6NqgLVN5rF0vldQ3tQavWTtX1px8hAftXOXXtEBUpx0QDNVmwaxG6loSlfqtd2L5o40I-QiOQ_mytIwITsAfmz8nezTr8eRmYtScroCa6uKdzAKJROvjJjZItPwxrFCHnh7SYPtHg/w625-h405/Trump+smug.jpg" width="625" /></a></div><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">They feel no real sense of threat from the protests and demonstrations, as is the case with America writ large, even on those intermittent occasions when they turn violent, but Trump is pleased to incite fear and anger because he knows America’s ugly secret, namely, that too many Whites readily seize on the alarm Trump invokes with a profound sense of relief: it gives them permission to do what they want to do anyway, and would have eventually found some excuse to do in the absence of their alleged fear: vote for Don Trump in November.
<br /></span><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Dominant media outlets insist on referring to roving bands of heavily armed right-wing, anti-democratic gangsters as counterprotesters. This label unduly stretches the meaning of the term. They take to the streets to confront, engage, intimidate, and routinely attack democratic citizens working for racial and social justice already present. In other words, if these democratic activists were not already there, the right-wing bands would stay at home and find other ways to express their impotence. When they do engage protesters, they do not partake in political activity. How could they? Their beloved leader and his party have no platform. Trump and the GOP stand for nothing. What policies they do pursue—tax cuts for the super rich and deregulation for mega corporations—serve only to aggravate the injuries of the bitter, angry constituents who support t</span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">hem unfailingly.
</span></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKtJ1t31RROzlyrrL4rgIMWD-TpSfWfPTqfJWzdgPZaSMqaUHZ2LDV1tFYORsWofPNFCYuWkeVnP_QVu1aDFfJXQsCIvaIlqaWGmMQpAV7UaYuY5N4lDx-oaYi5zkB7XMRM9nu-X72qyw/s990/Kentucky-derby-trump-militia.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="743" data-original-width="990" height="586" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKtJ1t31RROzlyrrL4rgIMWD-TpSfWfPTqfJWzdgPZaSMqaUHZ2LDV1tFYORsWofPNFCYuWkeVnP_QVu1aDFfJXQsCIvaIlqaWGmMQpAV7UaYuY5N4lDx-oaYi5zkB7XMRM9nu-X72qyw/w781-h586/Kentucky-derby-trump-militia.jpg" width="781" /></a><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br />Don Trump will need their support come November. Whatever happens in the electoral college, Trump is likely to lose the 2020 presidential race by millions of votes, duplicating his 2016 feat. That alone will not be enough to remove him from the White House. If the election is close and vote totals in battleground states are in dispute (and they will be in dispute because Trump has already started effectively disputing them with his multiple mail fraud fabrications), Trump may well refuse to recognize the vote and refuse to leave the White House.
</span></span><span style="font-size: large;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0iAjhPsMoBFnNOLO_cYaKwOxHEseEllLGC7qqOOfKnisluIH3pb2mbM_0-nbGD_1bR1zEN3zhvGor0vbWrfnkot4wCMxWn3zxrnKYdE9V78cg_7xY4szN1SbzwKRH9OcAzTFF2wtRHcM/s2000/-promo-1593042369790-superJumbo.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1331" data-original-width="2000" height="416" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0iAjhPsMoBFnNOLO_cYaKwOxHEseEllLGC7qqOOfKnisluIH3pb2mbM_0-nbGD_1bR1zEN3zhvGor0vbWrfnkot4wCMxWn3zxrnKYdE9V78cg_7xY4szN1SbzwKRH9OcAzTFF2wtRHcM/w625-h416/-promo-1593042369790-superJumbo.png" width="625" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">The events in Portland and other cities, then, have taken on added significance. Against the express wishes of local authorities, Don Trump has been dispatching federal forces from a wide range of security agencies to quell democratic demonstrations and attack democratic citizens. Many of these forces were dressed in fatigues without identifying names. They kidnapped citizens off city streets and whisked them away in unmarked vans. They acted like paramilitary thugs from other American dictatorships famous for disappearing citizens who challenged the regime. These were frightening spectacles—and they were meant to be. </span></span><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQbNOIgCt9v0y6dNp9_Lt5RpFA8gpZdy0w4onS9s0ocftqjhcUpcY07eCM96MvjAYrWpwvZWlBUrv-OSvLaNxwR7V2A_liokqZA6p0BDvPQ4qy8CHNu4C5h9A4iPSyJS4NvQim9paWVt0/s832/Federal+agents+vans+kidnapping.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="832" height="451" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQbNOIgCt9v0y6dNp9_Lt5RpFA8gpZdy0w4onS9s0ocftqjhcUpcY07eCM96MvjAYrWpwvZWlBUrv-OSvLaNxwR7V2A_liokqZA6p0BDvPQ4qy8CHNu4C5h9A4iPSyJS4NvQim9paWVt0/w625-h451/Federal+agents+vans+kidnapping.jpg" width="625" /></a></div></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">These exercises in force should also be considered dress rehearsals for November and beyond. Don Trump has demonstrated that he can call and count on the extralegal support of countless military and police forces who are prepared to do his bidding regardless of the orders they are given or the consequences they produce. (Remember the military and police who assaulted and cleared out citizens in Lafayette Park for a Trump photo-op?) Don Trump is in the process of creating an ad hoc personal militia that gives its loyalty to him and him alone.
<br /></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKMFCezLMqJXUvKf2GhSqROdLhlZd8GkWsl-I0UXLUlRXYbjXtyt0_t9TUFgdfd2kDDpoHwwDfNfGNrrN0g7Cf6UumDNkLfniI_RXXZNBWahrsLkasrwx0OthiCpkHH0e5LCigkGHWD-M/s2048/Unidentified+agents.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1365" data-original-width="2048" height="416" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKMFCezLMqJXUvKf2GhSqROdLhlZd8GkWsl-I0UXLUlRXYbjXtyt0_t9TUFgdfd2kDDpoHwwDfNfGNrrN0g7Cf6UumDNkLfniI_RXXZNBWahrsLkasrwx0OthiCpkHH0e5LCigkGHWD-M/w625-h416/Unidentified+agents.jpg" width="625" /></a></div></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Perversely, then, Trump benefits from every police murder of a person of color. Murder leads to democratic protests, in turn enraging right-wing “counterprotesters” whose lives are defined by racial ressentiment and who thus seek and initiate conflict with people they hate. (Think here of Kyle Rittenhouse, a Trump “patriot” who traveled to Kenosha, inspired and celebrated by Trump, specifically to hunt people, especially of color.) This explosive combination results in police overreaction, which is no surprise since they are armed to the teeth and predisposed against democratic citizens enacting their rights of citizenship by demanding justice, including the defunding of police.<br /></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSy-jn4G0vDmG1Zk-SkUgvD5ronqF0MPWDF5jg9PGuXhoTVRLYG8DnwLcRtEPYjEvw1UlyBrOrjdegBlGak9xHoI4bqNM1hPK6UGZFyqJ2ThrmuJI2oI7NLjOTuCDsUwZj6WF6j0UEc84/s963/Rittenhouse.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="531" data-original-width="963" height="344" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSy-jn4G0vDmG1Zk-SkUgvD5ronqF0MPWDF5jg9PGuXhoTVRLYG8DnwLcRtEPYjEvw1UlyBrOrjdegBlGak9xHoI4bqNM1hPK6UGZFyqJ2ThrmuJI2oI7NLjOTuCDsUwZj6WF6j0UEc84/w625-h344/Rittenhouse.jpg" width="625" /></a></div></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">
Trump, of course, who knows a good opportunity for political theater when he sees it, sends in federal forces, which predictably only makes matters worse, and is precisely Trump’s ambition. Every time he sends federal troops to American cities to exacerbate tensions and capitalize politically on the fallout, every time he tries to impose his version of law and order against a resistant America, he succeeds in creating new military forces loyal and dedicated to him and his cause, which is himself, of course, but also white supremacy. <br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt8wGS41Csg63niKRHb5LUplgZOv5yDuN7Ch7K_3xP4V9o-TWvW_K-Lisx3yrdPQDyPzVFS0zWszShRBtI-QiffDAyuXeYqW-5XaqsyzLjJqRV0ITPb2Tzzshpsgz_CojhvI322sBta-U/s669/Chad+Wolf+Fascist.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="645" data-original-width="669" height="483" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt8wGS41Csg63niKRHb5LUplgZOv5yDuN7Ch7K_3xP4V9o-TWvW_K-Lisx3yrdPQDyPzVFS0zWszShRBtI-QiffDAyuXeYqW-5XaqsyzLjJqRV0ITPb2Tzzshpsgz_CojhvI322sBta-U/w500-h483/Chad+Wolf+Fascist.jpg" width="500" /></a></div></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Come November 3, these armed forces, governmental and otherwise, loyal to Don Trump, will be on America’s streets. By sheer presence alone, they will be trying to throw the election to their dear leader. Should he lose, however, they will be ready to ignore the results as Trump himself claims the process was rigged and refuses to recognize the outcome. The right has all the guns in this country, and they may try to decide the next election by force. Trump’s four-year reign of carefully calculated lawlessness may have conditioned too many to resign themselves to this denouement. And the Roberts Supreme Court, following William Rehnquist’s despicable example in Bush v. Gore, would happily give him whatever legal cover it can.
<br /></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZbScXuDQauh8Y12Mk5SQzSHG-YMeTBn_x48in-btun2JhkRBSxnhAjTePZqfV7WVxROSamOSODTd6LH5kZ8bRWD5YgJ1YF1pDwhVxQIvgqB4_qIehmALtggvWhVZKCXRGi9f7PCbV5-s/s1797/Portland.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="893" data-original-width="1797" height="389" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZbScXuDQauh8Y12Mk5SQzSHG-YMeTBn_x48in-btun2JhkRBSxnhAjTePZqfV7WVxROSamOSODTd6LH5kZ8bRWD5YgJ1YF1pDwhVxQIvgqB4_qIehmALtggvWhVZKCXRGi9f7PCbV5-s/w781-h389/Portland.jpg" width="781" /></a></div></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">What are democratic citizens prepared to do in response? The question needs to be asked now because preparations need to be made now. What will resistance to a Trump coup d’état look like? Let it not be forgotten that in 2000 Al Gore and the Democratic Party rolled over, supposedly for the good of the country, when confronted with Republican thuggery and thievery over a contested election. Nothing good came from this act of self-imposed “civic sacrifice” that resulted in eight years of George W. Bush. The consequences with Trump will be far worse. American democracy, always fraught, may cease to be. We all need to get ready.
<br /></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijzM0CkMkle7WnXVPVJKKOr8ytuMpiwzbErYo18uc0srDyHpL1W6eEvSYexiELSHtM5jAg8wlbvDhc7cTixGTrGA1JeVP_qo0ENBWtngMtIkZUTmLgsjbDWlrYig6WI_Mggk-gXd6LL8w/s2048/portland-protests-federal-officers-1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1363" data-original-width="2048" height="416" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijzM0CkMkle7WnXVPVJKKOr8ytuMpiwzbErYo18uc0srDyHpL1W6eEvSYexiELSHtM5jAg8wlbvDhc7cTixGTrGA1JeVP_qo0ENBWtngMtIkZUTmLgsjbDWlrYig6WI_Mggk-gXd6LL8w/w625-h416/portland-protests-federal-officers-1.jpg" width="625" /></a></div></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">August 30, 2020
</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></span><p></p><br />Derek Denmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11790693849406992144noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6056235652294517694.post-20039892881092700992020-08-28T11:35:00.079-07:002020-08-28T15:32:49.182-07:00The People Want Their House Back: <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGx1AsaaLcIKv6LGejRiCn-Uau0UYBYpn60-sWcMaCrGNkdGps36S43XaqjbdchSs4QbGDig_RpUoWcsPWY4suHSOemgK55njtfjpwXocTrUABNBkV7BKAno7uy9zckN5VfMGA9W5f25sq/s2048/bhonig_photo_.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1365" data-original-width="2048" height="219" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGx1AsaaLcIKv6LGejRiCn-Uau0UYBYpn60-sWcMaCrGNkdGps36S43XaqjbdchSs4QbGDig_RpUoWcsPWY4suHSOemgK55njtfjpwXocTrUABNBkV7BKAno7uy9zckN5VfMGA9W5f25sq/w328-h219/bhonig_photo_.jpg" width="328" /></a></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><b>Bonnie Honig</b><br />Brown University<br /><br />“Here. Don’t say I never gave you anything,” Trump sneered when he tossed a candy at Angela Merkel early in his presidency. (This was at a 2018 G-7 meeting, though Trump may have mistaken it for a Middle School lunchroom.)</span><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"> Last night he tossed a candy at the American people while he took everything else away. Impeach this! he all but said as he strode down a long staircase (no escalator to be had) and then strutted around a White House turned from a symbol of public government into a stage for his Republican campaign for the Presidency.<br /><br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/#"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkQsb7XuYS3egPtO2rrXTpisclVBn61NlivETissDcYaOwv2D5QLdhTLz0u-7DSvoNjTsT9A59TWyMEtVw-5HzbYUKtDs12arPuefiHcF2G1fAhAZDEx8LJf05gXI_ShJOHeCTOM1UfcrH/s640/coming+down+white+house+staircase+RNC+-+Yahoo+Image+Search+Results.png" /></a><br /><br />Recasting the RNC Convention into the template of TV shows like The Bachelor, Trump rose above the slight vulnerability of electoral uncertainty (would the Party choose him? Would the country?). Instead, Trump took the television role of the one who does the choosing. Who would get the rose, freshly plucked surely from the new and improved Rose Garden? Ivanka? Or Melania? The dirty look that passed between the women after Ivanka spoke last night was straight out of one of those romance reality shows. So was the curved staircase on which the First Couple made their entrance, she tottering on stilettos, he -- just tottering.<br /><br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/#"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjayuLJ4dVfC5z6_Za4ijdmvUZQ9cZr78-DTLMOJCsLTIfVxxRj8EJ5sG5Bcx6WGvZxq99s5WF4GrpRsaGxUqeMdSeyORnyn8PuwlU_U79ReyrlHYCYCxHA5mg5OILJt8SQwCJP-BzFul7G/s640/IMG_0308.jpg" /></a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/#"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQHDHlQPS_AKrwGP085KFTskqj8nzTTwOHrl3SX1TOX1ttQcuRlV2lvVNC3brO3YkC6vtIzYnVTM22ozhf0eMUypTQArR-1tNc0DJlkIUpM3yb_LMqHeyq36iblDU6suEfEKPj-4U31Ejd/s640/Melania+and+Ivanka+exchange+frosty+looks+on+RNC+stage+after+%2527Operation+Block+Ivanka%2527+was+revealed+++Express+Digest.png" /></a><br /><br />On the South Lawn of the White House sat 1500 people unmasked in a pandemic defying the risks and the laws that require they sit further apart and elsewhere. Convening at the White House for a Republican Party event turned one of the seats of America’s divided government into a partisan wing of a partisan party. Checks and balances are the hallmark of America’s divided government, but last night was one more peek, not our first, into what power can look like unchecked and unbalanced. With the Border Patrol Union in illegal attendance last night, in uniform, there was no one to, you know, border patrol.<br /><br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/#"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi03HJFfEDPsCHL32c1pTMP00zBXHDkJHUo1v4hVUNPtAdFxWoaWwqCcjkkGw3wavyauqbsZcBmIh3WOWmmX6sL51i2gUhCpG7OKmEQq-W3fEd1WdER0Lb9UpYWtFKN-u2LNdmaalcRtBob/s640/Screenshot+2020-08-28+at+9.12.12+AM.png" /></a> </span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><span> </span><span> </span>There were checks and balances to be had, however, albeit not from rival branches of the U.S. government. The illegal RNC speeches, music, and closing fireworks were checked and balanced by protesters who brought their own sound and light shows to the party. As RNC speaker after speaker spoke illegally at the White House, demonstrators gathered in Washington D.C. edged ever closer with drums, horns, and chants to project their collective noise onto the White House lawn, protesting the taking of their public thing. Their noise – a resounding No! -- rose over the only wall Trump has built during this presidency: the one that went up during the George Floyd protests this summer and now bunkers the White House.<br /> <span> </span><span> </span>The popular protest of sound was partnered with a popular protest of light. Just a few blocks away from the lawless scene at the South Lawn, the lintel of the entrance to the Trump Hotel shone with the digits 180,814, signifying the unholy number of American dead, so far, from the coronavirus pandemic. Light projection sends messages that hit home without violating private property protections. This kind of graffiti does not leave a trace and cannot be disallowed.<br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7IpR7D18wRxHmxlNnawQYri-85vKDaMmgCRupLqA592mwkVy4PL_mzk_CsUKEQZ1bhDrMxCL91XMy9P1UhJQUjpr0EFCtjeY9TE7f79oM8UrATrwN64EvNdqkMH_vGHFNZEVvuCIrZIKE/s1286/unnamed.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="739" data-original-width="1286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7IpR7D18wRxHmxlNnawQYri-85vKDaMmgCRupLqA592mwkVy4PL_mzk_CsUKEQZ1bhDrMxCL91XMy9P1UhJQUjpr0EFCtjeY9TE7f79oM8UrATrwN64EvNdqkMH_vGHFNZEVvuCIrZIKE/s640/unnamed.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/#" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMe3qmaLEsD-EAymMhL88bfr2LDSvccsy_d69OaMf8u1I_LOaUZUo8T_cJLtOmHd9iLMoxCWrLk49hCq_8qASiFDlvg2wof1pFC-ma3sZ40qOPnukVDO0KTAc2QdtjEsyMrF6_bodQBMtE/s640/IMG_0303.jpg" /></a></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><span> </span><span> </span>Trump’s RNC used light too. At the end of the evening’s ceremonies, fireworks went off and his name appeared in the sky. It was like the old Broadway producers’ promise: Just imagine! Your name, up in lights! And there it was: TRUMP, all caps, lit up in the sky. But this kind of graffiti does leave a trace. The letters burned themselves out, and then tumbled in embers, to the ground below. An Icarus of writing.<br /> <br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">It is because such embers invariably fall to the ground, posing a possible risk of fire, that fireworks over the Mall normally have to be approved by the government. The National Park Service approved the RNC application for fireworks a few days ago. It was one of several enablements that supported the illegalities of last night.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><span> </span><span> </span>And that was the point, surely: the outrageous illegality of it all. The message? He is Unchained. Unbalanced. Unchecked. And in case anyone missed it, he announced it: “it’s not a House, it’s a home,” he said, meaning: it is not our House anymore, it is his home.<br /> Later Trump would point at the White House and say: “what’s the name of that building?”<br />“What’s in a name? That which we call a rose, By any other name would smell as sweet,” says Juliet in Shakespeare’s tragedy. But she is wrong. There is no denying the power of the name.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><span> </span><span> </span>So too for us: Can it still be the White House once Trump emblazons it with his brand and makes himself at home there? Can the White House still be the building that symbolizes the revolution of a moment and the as yet unkept promise to repay the unpaid labor of American history? </span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><span> </span><span> </span>More relevant still than Shakespeare, though, is Homer’s Odyssey, in which the palace of Odysseus is taken over by would-be rivals in his absence. Odysseus is away for years, first fighting the 10-year long Trojan War and then distracted for many years more by worldly delights and tricks as he takes the rather long way home. Summarizing Odysseus that way makes him sound a lot like a mythical version of the U.S., which has neglected its domestic obligations because too long at war and then too long distracted from democratic work by various adventures and delights.<br /><span> </span><span> </span>The rivals who take Odysseus’ place in his absence are called the Suitors because they desire not only his wealth but also his wife. They are careless young men “arrogant and self-indulgent, making themselves at home” in a place that is not theirs, driven by a lust and waste so bottomless that they seem to prefigure Naomi Klein’s examples of neoliberal rapaciousness in The Shock Doctrine. But in Homer, if not in Klein, that rapaciousness extends misogynistically to wanting to take possession of Penelope too.<br /> Last night, Trump took the role of Homer’s Suitors, grabbed us all by the pussy and announced to us: it’s my home not your House and, by the way, when you’re President they let you do it. It’s incredible!<br />So he says, but even in the old days, sometimes those who were grabbed objected. In the old days, he would quiet objectors down with NDA’s, threats, denials, and payoffs. Now he sends troops into the streets, lobbing flash bombs, and threatens long prison sentences that will put the protestors behind Barrs, where they belong.<br /> <span> </span><span> </span>Earlier in the day, Joe Biden and Kamala Harris made public appearances to preview the case against Trump. Harris made note of the importance to her and to us of the sentence she would say when she appeared in Court as District Attorney. “Kamala Harris, for the people.” She suggested she was still “for the people” in this upcoming election. We need the representation! In Court, the point of that sentence is to de-personalize the proceedings, to make it about law or justice, not vengeance. Whatever the injustices of law in the U.S., and they are many, this idea that there is a public peace that needs to be voiced, a depersonalized public thing that needs to be personated in Court, is a powerful democratic idea.<br />Its opposite is Trump who personalizes and privatizes everything meant to be public and shared.<br /> Public things, like the White House, diminish us as individuals with their grandeur and ennoble us as citizens. They call to us to be gathered by them into the kind of collectivities that energize democratic life. These are collectivities that go on strike in response to racial injustice, or march to protest the usurpation of a still aspirational democracy by dynasts and despots, or wear masks to prevent contagion from spreading to the vulnerable.<br /> <span> </span><span> </span>At the end of the evening, they played Hallelujah, a gorgeous song by Leonard Cohen, who is certainly turning in his grave right now to have his work used in this way and whose heirs are, I hope, suing the RNC this morning. The scene of the song is another palace, this one belongs to David, the flawed Biblical King of the Israelites who slew Goliath and lusted after Bathsheba. Another pussy-grabber with no boundaries.<br /><span> </span><span> </span>Halellujah is a break-up song, though, so it may promise more than the RNC counted on when they booked it in the hope that it would enfold their dubious nominee in some messianic glow. But the glow is itself embered. As the song itself says: “It’s a cold and it’s a broken Hallelujah.”</span></div>Jairus Victor Grovehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15030715466285389226noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6056235652294517694.post-63584050072470657962020-08-03T03:27:00.001-07:002020-08-03T09:37:40.301-07:00The Viral Truth<div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><font size="5"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidy3D0MdjeQ4ugP4cl0MYIB_qbr0f5Mwkv0JcbBVkAyNZOH299GPzN15SBf9TRIRv1RRsgK9ajfTS0abwyM3n_uzBKSVtAwIA88l_WdLZ97mQzmronooyQYzNBLre5MMGXTUYWoctGHzc/s1200/Nurse+motorist.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="726" data-original-width="1200" height="484" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidy3D0MdjeQ4ugP4cl0MYIB_qbr0f5Mwkv0JcbBVkAyNZOH299GPzN15SBf9TRIRv1RRsgK9ajfTS0abwyM3n_uzBKSVtAwIA88l_WdLZ97mQzmronooyQYzNBLre5MMGXTUYWoctGHzc/w800-h484/Nurse+motorist.jpg" width="800" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiraYA5FPaNkQMVnfbi5WF2a3OYVmvxPUCWxP1MJUOT91WpDTsgIgWNPzhJTXyqMSQc79CBw6W2VCvGBlcIHaPuVZ8QBaHdLYai9aabPloD7FBmBAtcitwUxQB2x1mAy5bfZBJoXj9RvZI/s368/Rushing+Profile.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="368" data-original-width="324" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiraYA5FPaNkQMVnfbi5WF2a3OYVmvxPUCWxP1MJUOT91WpDTsgIgWNPzhJTXyqMSQc79CBw6W2VCvGBlcIHaPuVZ8QBaHdLYai9aabPloD7FBmBAtcitwUxQB2x1mAy5bfZBJoXj9RvZI/w207-h235/Rushing+Profile.jpg" width="207" /></a></div></font></span></div><b><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><font size="5"></font></span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><font size="5"><br /></font></span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><font size="5">Sara Rushing</font></span></b></div><div><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><font size="5">Associate Professor of Political Science</font></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><font size="5">Montana State University, Bozeman</font></span><br /><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><font size="5"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><font size="5">July 21, 2020</font></span></font></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><font size="5"><br /></font></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><font size="5"><br /></font></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><font size="5">
In the 1830s, the French diplomat Alexis de Tocqueville traveled around the United States in search of lessons about democracy that he could take back to rapidly changing France. His extensive reflections were published as <i>Democracy in America</i>, which remains insightful to this day. While there were many uniquely American traits and practices that impressed Tocqueville, there were also aspects of the American ethos that mystified him. For example, he observed that Americans, “owe nothing to any man, they expect nothing from any man; they acquire the habit of always considering themselves as standing alone, and they are apt to imagine that their whole destiny is in their own hands.” </font></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjflpeEnDr96kmz59n-nYT1jEv-t2KpKmAe6HH63jTNpAAiEpRO1wXqhNElGlxmmk_jIVY3VGg8ORr4eErZu0ti7TxPUCGB1YImt0EhyIvKIWp0f_3kYdjAMNzrOlS5ab7MaPQHj6W6Cfk/s459/De+Tocqueville+Democracy+in+America.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="459" data-original-width="275" height="574" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjflpeEnDr96kmz59n-nYT1jEv-t2KpKmAe6HH63jTNpAAiEpRO1wXqhNElGlxmmk_jIVY3VGg8ORr4eErZu0ti7TxPUCGB1YImt0EhyIvKIWp0f_3kYdjAMNzrOlS5ab7MaPQHj6W6Cfk/w344-h574/De+Tocqueville+Democracy+in+America.jpg" width="344" /></a></div><font size="5">
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Tocqueville perfectly captures the tendency we have in this country to see autonomy as radical independence from others; and to see freedom as “non-interference” with our pursuits. On such a conception, autonomy becomes the opposite of dependence, vulnerability, and humility, because this version of “freedom” treats the incapacity to will our way in the world all on our own as somehow humiliating. It turns out, though, that our “whole destiny” is almost never in our own hands. Does this mean we are never free? No, because there is a crucial distinction to be made between laudable self-determination, individuality, and a spirit of independence, and the atomistic individualism that many Europeans still, to this day, find mystifying about Americans.</font></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><font size="5"><br /></font></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><font size="5"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTYuaM-KRo5JFJ5J9hIzSnFE-2smcv1TSptOczTMutpXGq5aZGxvl2yyPNkEm8QRoLJC0gg2T6MvHV4vKW01Kzrb_qnOEuQSEdUcwwJab87R8qpgplfgBiuPyHtIo8ogFA47ILTDpK6tQ/s780/Mask+New+Symbol+Tyranny.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="438" data-original-width="780" height="449" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTYuaM-KRo5JFJ5J9hIzSnFE-2smcv1TSptOczTMutpXGq5aZGxvl2yyPNkEm8QRoLJC0gg2T6MvHV4vKW01Kzrb_qnOEuQSEdUcwwJab87R8qpgplfgBiuPyHtIo8ogFA47ILTDpK6tQ/w800-h449/Mask+New+Symbol+Tyranny.jpg" width="800" /></a></div> </font></span></div><div><br /><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><font size="5">
</font></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><font size="5">Perhaps no contemporary moment shines light on this crucial distinction more than the debate over wearing a mask in public to minimize the spread of COVID-19 through the propulsion of droplets of saliva by coughing, sneezing, singing, sighing, laughing, or talking loudly (there are a <i>lot </i>of ways to propel saliva, I have learned, and those little droplets can hang around in the air for a <i>long</i> time). Unlike wearing a seatbelt when driving, <i>my </i>wearing a mask primarily functions to protect other people around me. Unlike smoking bans, which do exist to protect the health of others, wearing a mask involves <i>doing </i>something, not <i>refraining </i>from something. <i>Like </i>many issues in America today, mask-wearing was quickly politicized and moralized. The resulting polarization has shaped up not around science or data, for the most part, but around values: solidarity versus freedom; care for others versus care for self; obedience versus resistance.</font></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><font size="5"><br /></font></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWVJikl8O4vxi4hGC5hmwtZNK-hJu0RoUyKhx9mD0v9-qs4SQvOIiZsrPog6yw_iHJhfLprWiziL8XRn3zslAKGGrWW0-Tx3sEklxNyWxuDTuWwWOv0J0fnyOlpRmFB3pHdnAtCLzKUy8/s630/sneeze-image.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="463" data-original-width="630" height="463" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWVJikl8O4vxi4hGC5hmwtZNK-hJu0RoUyKhx9mD0v9-qs4SQvOIiZsrPog6yw_iHJhfLprWiziL8XRn3zslAKGGrWW0-Tx3sEklxNyWxuDTuWwWOv0J0fnyOlpRmFB3pHdnAtCLzKUy8/w630-h463/sneeze-image.jpg" width="630" /></a></div></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "georgia";"></span></div><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><font size="5">
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Once a debate shapes up this way, it’s very hard to dial it back. But these dichotomies are false ones, and we ought to push for a more nuanced – and useful! – way of thinking about mask-wearing. Autonomy (the quest for independence), and humility (the recognition of our human limitations and our deep interdependence with others), need not be opposed to each other, as we are taught in the Western tradition of thought (or <i>traditions</i>, most relevant here being liberalism and Christianity). They are two sides to one coin. As I like to think about it, autonomy <i>needs </i>humility, because the quest for independence is an ongoing and often fragile process, that is likely to foil us. And humility <i>needs </i>autonomy, because without the desire for self-determination, we may be immobilized by our inherent human and historical constraints. And we need dispositions of both humility and autonomy to navigate the complex political, social, and (as COVID-19 reminds us daily) <i>physiological </i>realities of interdependence. We need what I call “humility-informed-relational-autonomy.” It’s harder to say than “Freedom!”, but it says a lot more. And we can call it HIRA for short.</font></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><font size="5"><br /></font></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8jPkNDvU0WVDYJNdzeMl3CqFEJzDEr_IpyhkqRlJgd5RAmns6KfZ5M2bKxZcLvGxRO8P3sVwCb-j3IhCB3LCzfivFH8EjK-P1alLZJrGgMoaT-ZGFRVZTcQ3g4cptCnVpdPPWN_W7g6k/s864/Crowd+in+masks.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="576" data-original-width="864" height="534" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8jPkNDvU0WVDYJNdzeMl3CqFEJzDEr_IpyhkqRlJgd5RAmns6KfZ5M2bKxZcLvGxRO8P3sVwCb-j3IhCB3LCzfivFH8EjK-P1alLZJrGgMoaT-ZGFRVZTcQ3g4cptCnVpdPPWN_W7g6k/w800-h534/Crowd+in+masks.jpg" width="800" /></a></div><font size="5">
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Why has the American conception of freedom been so thoroughly severed from the recognition of our essential vulnerability and interdependence? I would argue that, in addition to distilling freedom down to the negative liberty idea of non-interference, freedom has been reduced to a thin conception of “choice.” <br /></font></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><font size="5"><br /></font></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiF1ltRsQn8evhKVTqDN8k_e3XMku-r6ZGzQGYwNSDibSYpl79Vjr7gn_-D5ptLevqutoBIxcpcqx0DMiACKUfV-0UeBLkMSdbQTO6UMHyXmJVHiWopQ9h3iI5AbztORRPfinIRB6fK6Oc/s1152/covid-19.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="528" data-original-width="1152" height="366" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiF1ltRsQn8evhKVTqDN8k_e3XMku-r6ZGzQGYwNSDibSYpl79Vjr7gn_-D5ptLevqutoBIxcpcqx0DMiACKUfV-0UeBLkMSdbQTO6UMHyXmJVHiWopQ9h3iI5AbztORRPfinIRB6fK6Oc/w800-h366/covid-19.jpg" width="800" /></a></div><font size="5">
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Since the 1970s, the idea of “choice,” once an economic concept of amoral consumer preference (think Pepsi versus Coke), has come to define our understandings of citizenship, individuality, and freedom. Early uses of the term, particularly the abortion rights, or “pro-choice,” movement’s rallying cry, “My body, my choice,” encoded a relatively well-developed theory of bodily autonomy and gender equality as foundational for full participation in public life. Choice here was connected not merely to freedom but to justice. More recent deployments, however, function to thin freedom out. For example, the education privatization movement’s use of “school choice” to lobby for vouchers mobilizes anti-government and negative liberty rhetoric to defund public schools and support private schooling instead. For the privatization movement, participation in public goods should be voluntary. As a matter of individual right, school choice advocates argue, a person must be able to “opt out” of anything they don’t choose. Now fully bound up with the so-called culture wars that were born out of the 1960s, 70s, and 80s, “choice” has become an argument for the right of corporations to not fund insurance covering birth control, for bakers to not to bake gay wedding cakes, anti-vaxxers not to immunize their children, and, now, mask-refusers to go maskless (provocatively appropriating the old feminist rallying cry of justice and equality, “My body, my choice,” for their conception of freedom).<br /></font></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><font size="5"><br /></font></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZp_X2NCTl5xBuNa93N3JaK_xsbHXfmW_1peogxxU87JBhuSvVkDABbfKnX6hxjCaNDkxGR8gkvYGVtNXxn6pNRrw4HSjUwcIUW5akJK9MwPFzN-gGq-_5XjBxWrl-3g3jbQ1q4F-Xyyk/s1800/My+Body+My+Choice+Mas.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1800" height="534" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZp_X2NCTl5xBuNa93N3JaK_xsbHXfmW_1peogxxU87JBhuSvVkDABbfKnX6hxjCaNDkxGR8gkvYGVtNXxn6pNRrw4HSjUwcIUW5akJK9MwPFzN-gGq-_5XjBxWrl-3g3jbQ1q4F-Xyyk/w800-h534/My+Body+My+Choice+Mas.jpg" width="800" /></a></div><font size="5"><br /></font></span></div><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><font size="5">
But our bodies are profoundly porous entities, from the visceral level of the skin right down to the epigenetic switchboard, where changes are activated over our lives by exposure to environmental, psychic and other forms of trauma. We are literally and figuratively infecting each other all the time, with our infectious moods and contagious laughter, with our germs and bacteria and viruses, with our habits, with our ideas, and with our inspirational hopes and fears. Indeed, the word “inspire” actually means to breathe into.
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As we look ahead to autumn 2020, and the increase of COVID cases that is likely to follow the reopening of schools and universities, bars and restaurants (not to mention the arrival of colder temperatures that will relegate many of us to life inside), we are going to need robust intellectual and ethical resources to bolster the refusal of false dichotomies and easy moralizing. Writing from Montana, I can attest to how quickly and powerfully the “self-reliance” vs. “solidarity” dichotomy can shape up, and how ineffectual it is at addressing thorny public problems. Ultimately, our freedom is best served by recognizing – not denying – our vulnerability, as humbling as that may be. My freedom depends deeply on you! And vice versa. As a driver, if I refuse to respect the constraints imposed by the yellow lines on the road, you are not free to drive safely if I’m anywhere nearby. If I claimed to be oppressed by my relegation to the right lane, or argued that I have a right to drive wherever I want, you’d rightly be incensed. Sometimes relinquishing certain choices can create greater security and self-determination for everyone. <br /></font></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><font size="5"><br /></font></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0tdVVD4HVbfm82E72g8ZbB1GflO8opp693mnIIQI_fIuZrlE1MZFyablzG0gV-V4FKpHdSIG1pUjuHfAP0odUxsxU330b7FwZWNj7izz6CjG0R4HDnZeEM86uNJwXmrUIxgCI4DUSnhk/s2000/Cremona+Italy+Doctors.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="534" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0tdVVD4HVbfm82E72g8ZbB1GflO8opp693mnIIQI_fIuZrlE1MZFyablzG0gV-V4FKpHdSIG1pUjuHfAP0odUxsxU330b7FwZWNj7izz6CjG0R4HDnZeEM86uNJwXmrUIxgCI4DUSnhk/w800-h534/Cremona+Italy+Doctors.jpg" width="800" /></a></div></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "georgia";"></span></div><span style="font-family: "georgia";"></span><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><font size="5">
This insight could be articulated in the language of solidarity, or in the language of mutual self-interest. I prefer to articulate it in the language of humility-informed-relational-autonomy. Like many people, I often <i>wish </i>that my whole destiny was in my own hands. But as an embodied human who gets colds every year, who has been in bike and car accidents, and who can’t always reach things on the top shelf at a store, I’m not deluding myself. As a woman who has given birth in a mainstream medical institution and been sexually harassed (not at once, though it happens!), I am only too aware of the limits of simply proclaiming “My body, my choice.” As a person who has spent the last few years reading texts by disability studies scholars, I fully grasp that our bodies take on meaning relationally within the world, including built environments, cultural norms, and invisible viral spread. The crucial question is how body <i>meets </i>world.</font></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><font size="5"><br /></font></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPa1scCeSb9XDhEigNHI7ZIHIc1EnNsFRMr77GxRMOx3CkW5k66mvrPIn0D-B-_ZndmtoXTtSDNVJ64uLhicDRe4VkN7mLWz_WMw9-9VX3odUNfujOuCu_cim7wYfioMonK68Ov9iQkp4/s946/Global+Corona.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="475" data-original-width="946" height="401" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPa1scCeSb9XDhEigNHI7ZIHIc1EnNsFRMr77GxRMOx3CkW5k66mvrPIn0D-B-_ZndmtoXTtSDNVJ64uLhicDRe4VkN7mLWz_WMw9-9VX3odUNfujOuCu_cim7wYfioMonK68Ov9iQkp4/w800-h401/Global+Corona.jpg" width="800" /></a></div><font size="5">
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The rhetoric of “Freedom!” may provide cold comfort at a time when “choice” seems like the only mode of “control” in a risky world. But the viral truth is that we’re exposed and disposed to each other because we share that world. There is nothing, other than a mask, that can change the fact that I expel something like 30,000 droplets of saliva at 200 miles an hour when sneezing, and those droplets hang in the air long enough for you to inhale one of them. How might we rethink what freedom requires (and <i>whose </i>freedom, and to do <i>what</i>?) so that we are able to replace that contagion with another: the spread of the idea that we are all in this together, whether we like it or not. For you, in the spirit of HIRA (perhaps the forgotten goddess of mutual vulnerability, or the anti-hero of inevitable exposure?), I’ll wear a mask. What will you choose to do? <br /></font></span></div>Derek Denmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11790693849406992144noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6056235652294517694.post-76046393160741796292020-07-22T11:18:00.002-07:002020-07-22T13:53:05.863-07:00Build That Wall; The Politics of Motherhood in Portland<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRUzA8r1hIRWtGGduNPDDs2mW7O6Y_dh8lC_PyoG50fOwQUfkUbY6hG4y4APW8pfNQjb0HMz0MgB0xhbiBG3xwfzbW-_CnC4WxLF6sfvw_oZes_MdgacLJ-6UsUBJVA61EuFqUxplLUbNZ/s1600/Screen+Shot+2020-07-22+at+7.20.27+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="688" height="273" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRUzA8r1hIRWtGGduNPDDs2mW7O6Y_dh8lC_PyoG50fOwQUfkUbY6hG4y4APW8pfNQjb0HMz0MgB0xhbiBG3xwfzbW-_CnC4WxLF6sfvw_oZes_MdgacLJ-6UsUBJVA61EuFqUxplLUbNZ/s320/Screen+Shot+2020-07-22+at+7.20.27+AM.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>Bonnie Honig</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Brown University</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The Wall of Moms in Portland, Oregon, are mostly dressed in yellow to stand out and make it easier to find one another in case they get separated in a melée. On their first recorded night out as a unit, July 19, the women linked arms and chanted “Feds steer clear, Moms are here.” One of them was visibly pregnant. All were brave, as they faced anonymized federal police forces wielding tear gas, pepper bombs, and truncheons. Someone on Twitter called the women Momtifa, which is an excellent coinage. Moms against fascism and with antifa helps to undo the associations Trump and Barr have constructed. No longer thugs and anarchists, antifa becomes someone’s beloved sons and daughters. Those watching from afar may feel their sympathies start to shift.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Just a week earlier, a 26 year old protester, Donavan La Bella, was shot in the face with non lethal ammunition by a federal officer. <a href="https://www.opb.org/news/article/federal-officers-portland-protester-shot-less-lethal-munitions/">“The video of the shooting shows no sign of aggressive provocation on the part of the protester… La Bella was a regular and nonviolent presence at protests.</a>” That night, he underwent facial reconstruction surgery. After surgery, his mom said doctors were still trying to drain blood from her son’s brain. She is now said to be considering a lawsuit on her son’s behalf. Intentionally or not, she is now part of Momtifa too.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">On a Monday night, July 21st, the ranks of the Portland crowd of protesters increased considerably and so did the ranks of the Moms. Some were inspired to come from out of town to join them. The moms went all in on their mom’dom, and sang “hands up, please don’t shoot me,” to a sing-song tune associated with lullabies or children’s teasing, and the moms united the gathered crowd singing “One Love.” They were also, on Monday for the first time, joined by the so-called Dad brigade, men wearing mostly Orange t-shirts, some in hard hats, some carrying leaf-blowers, which turn out to be effective in the removal of pepper spray.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The Wall of Moms grew out of a Facebook post that appealed to the special powers of moms: “We moms are often underestimated. But we’re stronger than we’re given credit for,” Bev Barnum posted, “So what do you say? Will you help me create a wall of moms?” Over 70 women showed up the first night, which was a Saturday. The moms’ group joined with an existing organization called Portland Don’t Shoot for training on protest safety. One of the Wall of Moms’ co-founders, Maureen Kenny Mimiaga, posted after their first appearance on Saturday night: “we got gassed last night and it did suck, but we’ve all been through childbirth, IEP meetings, and long barf -filled nights.” This is nothing, she seemed to suggest.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">By Tuesday a protest poster appeared saying, “I’m so disappointed in you – Mom.” Don’t mess with the moms, social media posters noted. One said just wait til they find out the middle names of those federal officers. Then they will really be in for it. It is a healing thrill for a child to see the awesome power of the maternal call-out turned against an opponent. But it was also a joke about the power of the powerless: women; the middle name; the disappointment…it is all so Mrs. America 1950.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> Bev Barnum says: “as soon as you become a mom, something is triggered in you. It’s primal. It doesn’t matter if it’s your kid or not, you’re going to help them.” Now this is obviously not true for all mothers. Or all women. But it does effectively pull many women into the front lines. “Toren Brolutti, 65, had seen images of the Wall of Moms...on the news over the weekend. Seeing other mothers stand protectively in front of young demonstrators stirred something in her, she said. She felt she needed to be there, too. When Kim Brolutti, her husband, saw a similar call for Portland dads to come out on Monday, the couple made up their mind: <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2020/07/21/mombloc-protest-first-timers-march-into-portland-streets-moved-by-aggressive-tactics-federal-troops/?hpid=hp_hp-top-table-low_portland-825pm%3Ahomepage%2Fstory-ans">They were going. Their kids, 31 and 29, met them downtown with helmets and goggles.”</a> Protection goes both ways.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> Another woman came from Salem to join the Wall of Moms on Monday. She had seen the clip of a young protester hurled into a dark and unmarked van by men dressed in camo with large guns, and no pronouncement of arrest, no Miranda rights, nothing. It was disturbing to her and she felt compelled to protest. So 2 days later, there she was in Portland, responding to the Wall of Moms’ invitation to step up, link arms, protect the protesters.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Although there are plenty of disturbing American precedents for this type of domestic police action, including round-ups for anarchists and communists in the 1910’s, 20’s and 50’s, and of undocumented people now, some observers of the ‘arrests’ of protesters by unidentified federal agents thought first of Argentina’s 1970’s junta and its disappearance of a generation of young, leftist protestors, thrown into cars, imprisoned, tortured, and killed. They became known as the “disappeared.” It happened in Chile too, under Pinochet, and elsewhere.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">As Stuart Schrader said in The New Republic, noting the salience of the Argentine comparison: “In Argentina, death squads drove Ford Falcons, the country’s most popular car, which meant that one of these sedans rolling down your street could mean you’d never see your family ever again, or it could mean nothing at all. To this day, the sight of a vintage Falcon can cause an older Argentine heart to skip a beat.” In Portland now, it is Dodge minivans that are repurposed for kidnappings by federal police, and they may suffer the same stigma later, after this is all over. Does Dodge know? Ford certainly did. <a href="https://tsd.naomiklein.org/shock-doctrine.html">The company provided the cars to Argentina’s junta in return for union-preventing protections for their factories.</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> The comparison of our moment with Argentina is especially poignant, though, because of the moms.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">In Argentina, the disappearance of young men and women brought the Moms of that country, the Madres, into the city center, the Plaza, where they met weekly in a silent mournful protest that called for the return of the disappeared. The Madres of the Plaza hoped to see their loved ones alive again. They wanted at least to receive the bodies of their dead, if that was their fate – to bury them, to mourn them, together. That the Madres played a role in the regime’s eventual downfall is undisputed. Their pure maternalism forced its way into the conscience of a nation. But they did not subvert the traditional gender politics in defense of which the junta was actually positioning itself as the defender of patriarchy. This is the irony: because the Madres exercised a specifically maternal power, they were all too easily, made (in the words of Diana Taylor) “somehow marginal to the happy ending.” Maternalized power is efficacious, until it isn’t. After the junta was toppled, the surviving sons of the Madres took power. Did they appoint the Madres to the new Cabinet? No, they sent them home, because home is where moms belong…</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The attraction of the Wall of Moms is that it seems to have the requisite ironies well in hand. Calling themselves a wall, they appropriate the faux wall of the President that promises invulnerability at the border but cannot secure it. Instead, ironizing their powerlessness, these women link arms and show what real invulnerability looks like. It looks like vulnerability alongside others who empower each other to stand bravely up to militarized forces in their city. But the gender trap is inescapable. This is the double bind of maternal politics. In the end, moms go home. Not that there is anything wrong with that: unless it is a restoration of the patriarchal power whose militarization they were protesting.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> A few days after the shooting of La Bella and a day or two before the Wall of Moms first appeared, another woman confronted the mysterious ‘police’ forces in Portland. The LA Times referred to her as an “apparition” and there was indeed something almost supernatural in her slow, deliberate movements on the street. By contrast with the moms, this woman was not dressed in anything at all and she was alone. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">She had stripped naked and wearing only a facemask and cap, she walked, solo, to the center of the street. She stood at an intersection beneath the changing red and green traffic lights and pointed her long arm to the line of unidentified men in camouflage. She did not speak. She then appeared to position herself in some yoga-like poses before sitting down on the asphalt of the street, her knees up and legs spread wide. Pussy-power, one commentator said.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">When a young male protester tried to protect her with his shield, he drew more fire and she stepped away from his protection. Chivalry is dead, she seemed to say, as she killed it. She was as confident and powerful as Melisandre on Game of Thrones, but not evil. Faced with this one naked “No,” the armed forces got in their cars and drove away.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">She is now called Naked Athena, after the warrior virgin goddess who had no children. Naked Athena performed vulnerability as protest in the face of violence. She posed and sat, out in the street, with absolutely nothing on, without the cover of maternalism’s innocence but with the protection of youthful beauty. It is fitting that she earned herself a Greek nickname, Athena, because it was she who somehow found the federal agents’ Achilles heel. All that nude pacifism was just too much for the heavily armed soldiers. The moms, though, the federal agents were willing to gas: turns out maternal authority begets not just acquiescence but also violence. Not everyone loves moms.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> Incredibly, the LA Times contextualized Naked Athena’s action as part of a “Portlandia” style of “quirky organic earthiness,” even noting that “courts have held that appe</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">aring nude in Portland is a protected form of political expression.” <a href="https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-07-19/portland-protest-naked-athena">The Times saw an apparition and quickly turned it into a sitcom punchline</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> But what Naked Athena did was to disturb the registers of female agency that privilege purity and treat women’s power as scandalous, funny, or quirky. The relevant context for her action is not “Portlandia” but a feminist activism from Femen in Ukraine to the “naked agency” <a href="https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2020/02/dramas-desperation-book-examines-naked-protest-africa">protests in all their variety in N</a>igeria, to the anti-rape protesters of Chile, and many many more. All of them feature women in public, unclothed, showing power because they are together, and vulnerability because they are naked, and determination because they are focused on bringing into being a future in which women are equal and not there to be grabbed, manipulated, or dominated.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">We are also not here to be worshipped, as in some recent anti-Trump ads where a woman’s relationship to her children is depicted as sacred and incomparable. You didn’t carry them 9 months to sacrifice them to the god of covid, is more or less what a female voice-over says, as we see images of young women dropping their kids at school in happier times. Keep them home, where it is safe. The advice seems sound. But why is it addressed to women? Men can home-school the kids too. But no man appears in the ad’s familial settings, as we hear the film’s instruction: telling women how they feel, what to do, aligning their pussy-power with the mandate of reproduction. There is certainly no mention of the mommy-track effect of school closures already, which have caused many women in hetero-normative households to leave their <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/03/business/economy/coronavirus-working-women.html">jobs because with the kids home … well someone has to stop working.</a></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">These ads may be effective against Trump just as the Wall of Moms may be effective in Portland. But they will have more than one kind of impact, surely. The gender politics of the moment are almost as retrograde as the Trumpy men we are fighting against. A feminism worth fighting for needs its Naked Athenas too. More of them please. May they march WITH the Moms in Portland. And maybe Mary Trump can join them too. I hear it takes a village. I know it takes a world. The challenge, for the sake of that world, is to find ways to translate the vexed maternal relationships we have into political power and collective action. That is the question for any "mom" –based movements. The answer requires that we “Stay together, stay tight;” as the marchers in Portland say, and that: “We do this every night!”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">“In my experience,” says Daniel Drezner in the Washington Post, today, (July 22) “radicalizing mothers is a bad political harbinger for anyone responsible. These optics are extremely unlikely to cause voters not already with Trump to shift toward him.” But the question remains, whether radicalizing mothers is a good political harbinger for radical mothers.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Everywhere, the gendered division of public and private space is both challenged but also confirmed by mothers who mourn. The Mothers of the Movement are an American example of the difficulty. Created after George Zimmerman was outrageously acquitted in 2013 for the murder of Trayvon Martin, these Black mothers work to politicize the loss of Black life to policing. Their maternity and their grief empower them on this issue. They have helped energize the movements whose long slow years-long organizing has prepared the way for the months of protests across the U.S. and the world after the police murder of George Floyd.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">It is hard not to thrill at the images of women saying No to the escalating power grabs of the last weeks as a President, famous for saying he can “grab” women “by the pussy” and “they let you do it,” searches desperately for a way to stop his fall in the polls and maybe in November at the ballot box.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> More and more women are saying No to a man who says women do not say no to him. Some of them are elected officials, including Lori Lightfoot, Mayor of Chicago, and Keisha Lance Bottoms, the mayor of Atlanta mayor, both Black. Lightfoot has now been told she is next, or her city is. That these cities are run by Black women no doubt adds to the relish with which the President contemplates the thought of occupying them as they protest such a move and he blames them for it. They govern badly he says; their cities, led by Democrats, are out of control. Blaming them for the violence he will inflict on them? As my 21-year old child would say, that is rapey. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">*This post draws on reporting by Sergio Olmos and Tuck Woodstock in Portland.</span></div>
Jairus Victor Grovehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15030715466285389226noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6056235652294517694.post-45359951998273076862020-06-16T11:29:00.000-07:002020-06-16T23:42:54.722-07:00New Viral Crossings and Old Academic Divisions<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Bill Connolly</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>Aspirational Fascism</i> (2017) and <i>Climate machines, Fascist Drives, and Truth</i> (2019)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">One thing, among so many others, that the Trump deadly mishandling of Covid-19 may obscure, is what the event can teach academics in the humanities and social sciences about the hollowness of sociocentrism and human exceptionalism. Life is wondrous and multifarious. So are a host of nonliving planetary forces that sometimes shift rapidly. A lethal virus crossing can bring down a whole economy. Accelerated climate change can decimate entire civilizations. A massive volcano, (they are triggered more often during a time of rapid climate change) can reshape the world for a decade. The rapid emergence of the Holocene (without human help) created vast new opportunities for human population growth.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">But, until very recently, traditions of humanist exceptionalism and sociocentrism embedded in Eurocentric thought led most humanists and social scientists to treat such events as rare externalities, unentangled with the very infrastructure of the institutions they study. Political scientists, economists, and sociologists have been among the worst offenders here, though a younger cohort now strives valiantly to break that mold.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> I have thought elsewhere about privileges, pressures and assumptions that help to engender this narrowness.</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6056235652294517694#_edn1" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: x-large;">[i]</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> One item speaks to how disciplinary boundaries are sliced and diced in the academy . It is a factor inside the academy that helped to harden boundary separations between the hard sciences, social sciences, and humanities and soon encouraged neoliberal university regimes to locate the trio on a harsh hierarchy of relative importance.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">If you, crudely, trace one vector from Descartes through Newton to Einstein, you arrive at a dogma in Einstein that either counsels physicists--"the queen of the sciences"--to ignore the humanities, social sciences and softer natural sciences or to subjugate them to its categories. The counsel revolves around assumptions about the relations between bodies, agency, and time. Descartes conceived agency within mind/body dualism, with agency bestowed upon humans and God alone; he defined time as a series of instants, instants held together only by the providence of an omnipotent God. Without God's constant attention and benevolence the duration of the world would fall apart.</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6056235652294517694#_edn2" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: x-large;">[ii]</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">In his 1922 debate with Henri Bergson Einstein contended that the Bergsonian story of delicate intersections between past and future in the creative protraction of the present--or "duration"--both gives undo creative agency to human beings and misreads the reality of time grounded in the constant rate of the speed of light. Light is composed of instants, 'particles". Not only does relativity show how the clock time of two travelers moving at extremely different speeds will vary, it also shows, in Einstein's words, how to "the believing physicist this division into past, present, and future has merely the standing of an obstinate illusion." </span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6056235652294517694#_edn3" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: x-large;">[iii]</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> The result is a species of eternalism, in which a multiverse collects every result somewhere now in space. The human experience of time is thus an illusion. So much the worse, too, for humanist philosophies of agency, in which judgments, choices, and creative adventures unfold through irreversible time.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large; text-align: center;"> The rhetorical brilliance of Einstein found expression in his assertion that Bergson projected only "psychological time", while the scientist himself addressed "real time." I cannot rehearse the details of the debate here, my capacity to do so is indeed limited; but, as the superb book by Jimena Canales traces in The Physicist and the Philosopher, it has continued across several permutations for a century.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The key point for the moment, however, is that Bergson did not in fact confine his philosophy to human experiences of time and agency, let alone to a unique human illusion of time. And he saw how notions of time and agency are bound together. Einstein's metaphors nonetheless stuck: a rigorous theory grounded in the constancy of the speed of light combating an illusion grounded in fuzzy self-reports of human experience and action. Positivists such as Hans Reichenbach, Rudolf Carnap and Bertrand Russell sought to carry variants of the Einstein story into the middle of the human sciences; process theorists such as James, Whitehead, Mead, Latour, and Deleuze championed shifting variants of the Bergsonian image.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Most immediately pertinent is how complexity theorists in biology and ecology soon began to construe the diverse agencies and experiences of duration of, say, bees, crows, elephants, dogs, crocodiles, bacteria, and viruses in ways that buttress the Bergson theory taken broadly, contending that experiences of agency as striving and time as duration include and vastly exceed diverse human cultures. These latter experiences are thus construed to be neither illusions nor unique to humans. Such formulations download challenges to Einstein into the sciences of biology and ethology, that is, into nonhuman sciences.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Let's turn to a recent formulation by Stuart Kauffman, a complexity theorist in biology, about the temporality and agency of bacteria. A bacterium, he says, possesses some characteristics of agency as purposive striving. It pursues sugar as an end as it climbs the sugar gradient; it adjusts its behavior to attain the end during micro-moments of duration; and it feels satisfaction if it achieves its end. Thus, says, Kaufman: "Teleological language becomes important at some point in the tree of life. Let us stretch and say that it is appropriate to apply it to the bacterium. We may do so without attributing consciousness to the batcerium. My purpose...is to try to trace the origin of action, value, and meaning as close as I can to the meaning of life." (p.80) Drawing upon Kauffman, it becomes possible to appreciate complex human entanglements with multiple nonhuman agencies set on different scales of temporality and also to emphasize, with Whitehead, how complex micro-agencies within human beings also contribute to human modes of thought, mood, judgment and agency set in larger cultural contexts. Every action is marked by duration, however brief. Bonnie Bassler supplements Kauffman's account by exploring "quorum calls" of bacteria in the gut through which collective bacterial actions are undertaken. Others have identified the collective agency of crocodiles, an understanding Eurocentric adventurers missed at their own peril.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">So resist the familiar ploy to relegate those who multiply sites of agency within and beyond the human to be merely theorists of individualism who forgo the study of larger structures. There are individual and collective agencies, set in relatively open systems. Indeed, the tired "individualist/collectivist/structuralist debate" in the human sciences is too often set in a larger frame of human exceptionalism and sociocentrism, though there are exceptions. The task now is to explore heterogeneous entanglements between in-dividuals, cultural systems, and various nonhuman processes set in diverse, periodically intersecting temporalities.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">What about viruses, though? Virology is a young science by comparison to physics, which itself gained new solidity in the 16th and 17th centuries. The first virus was detected apparently in 1892. The first coronavirus in 1898. The first human virus in 1900. The measles virus in 1911. The electron microscope, which can view viruses directly, was invented in 1933. The first zoonotic virus--viruses like Covid-19 that spillover from one animal to another--was discovered in 1955. Ebola, HIV, SARs and other coronaviruses spilling over from other animals into humans, were identified later yet. Various viral vaccines trailed into the world after that, mostly after the nineteen fifties.</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6056235652294517694#_edn4" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: x-large;">[iv]</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> Viral transmissions have also recently been identified as key agents in horizontal gene transfer, a second source of co-evolution that transfigures Darwin's old oak tree into a tangled bush, or even a rhizome.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Covid-19 is a coronavirus that leaped from bats to an intermediary (a snake, pig or pangolin), and then made a second crossing into humans. It is very impressive. It proliferates, after a crossing, most often through droplets inhaled from others or transmitted by touch and carried by hands to the mouth, nose or eyes. Covid-19 is apparently less lethal and more transmissible than several other coronaviruses--viruses with jagged crowns that become attached to human cells and proliferate rapidly.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Detection, attachment, virion movement during and after attachment, rapid evolution, stubborn persistence, resistance to antibodies. Are viruses alive? Do they participate in nano-strivings? The dominant view has been that, since they are immobile before attaching to host cells--they are not cells themselves--they do not meet the definition of life. They hover between life and non-life. But that judgment (and definition) is now contested by some virologists. Here is a sampling of what Patrick Forterre, a virologist, says:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">"Viruses use the same ..nucleic acids and cellular organisims for the reproduction and expression of genetic information. This indicates that viruses and cells fit into the same historical process we call life;" (p. 100)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">"...the viral genome remains inactive within a viral particle until it encounters a susceptible cell that can be infected;." (100, my emphasis)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">"...most biologists profoundly underestimate viral 'creativity' (ie. the opportunity for emergence and selection of novel traits encoded by viral genomes). This is probably because viruses, confounded with their their virions, are assimilated to passive, inert objects." (101, my emphasis );</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">..."this implies that viruses actually originated before cells." (103)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">"...viruses are thus living entities because they are both genetic and metabolic entities. (105)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6056235652294517694#_edn5">[v]</a> </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The Forterre thesis, though supported by some other virologists, is highly controversial, as such a proposal for a paradigm shift in a science must be. As a rank amateur on this terrain myself, let me take a viral leap nonetheless and speculate that Forterre is on the right track. Why? Well, one reason is that his proposal takes another step toward resolving the persistent impasse between the natural sciences and humanities that continues to confound the academy.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> Neither mode of inquiry can render some aspects of the world intelligible as it stands, yet each needs sustenance from the other to do its work. Einsteinian scientists, for instance, ask whether an "anthropic exception" exempts them from a world otherwise constituted as timeless. The impasse, again, is that each needs the other to render intelligible processes pertinent to it, but each, at least in its majoritarian guise, advances themes that make it difficult to do so in intellectually tenable ways.</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6056235652294517694#_edn6" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: x-large;">[vi]</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> Attention to the impasse may call into question the Einsteinian insistence to ground time itself only on the constancy of the speed of light. And it may encourage humanists to come to terms with how human cultures are profoundly and regularly entangled with a heterogeneous host of nonhuman cultures, cultures as diverse as viruses, bacteria, algae, plants, fungii, bats, birds, forests, pangolins, leopards, livestock, and pets. Cultures that also involve essential intersections between heterogeneous agents, such as the orchid and the wasp and bacteria and humans.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">If you forge links between the Forterre account of viral life to studies of multi-species perspectivalism in several nonwestern cultures, and both to accounts by Lynn Margulis, Stuart Kauffman, and Terrence Deacon on how life may have emerged from chancy conjunctions between diverse, nonliving, complex molecules, you plant a seedbed that enables diverse disciplines to speak intelligibly to one another across disciplinary boundaries when an event requires it.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> Now Euro-dualism, reductionism and bracketing lose their standing as the only alternatives to choose between in a world composed of multiple, entangled systems. The story of multiple temporal trajectories, periodically crossing, encourages closer contact between anthropologists, nonwestern cosmologies, bacteriologists, virologists, global theorists, climatologists, and ecologists to study complex intersections of multiple sorts.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Biology, ethology, anthropology, and ecology, on this account, may now become something like lynchpin sciences, shuffling Einsteinian images of time to an outer edge to face questions from quantum theory, biological sciences of nonhuman life, and decolonial theories. These modes of inquiry drive a wedge into the "bifurcation of nature" (as Whitehead called it) within the sciences themselves, opening a door to yet new adventures.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> The new lynchpins do not promise a unified science, placing the old academic divisions under one tent. Rather, they provide clues to follow when those in the social and natural sciences need to draw resources from the other to explore a critical problem. Virologists, for instance, find that to trace a specific viral spillover into human cultures they need to do lab work, conceptual work, and field work simultaneously. They become amateur anthropologists in that task, as social scientists become amateur virologists at other times as we follow the complexities of a problem. We all become more problem oriented--appreciative of how new events of different sorts periodically interrupt field regularities to which we have become habituated--prepared to push against the boundaries of our field on occasion rather than huddling inside old cocoons.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> The discovery, for instance, of how one bat coronavirus, before Covid-19, spilled into humans after evolving sufficiently to make the leap, required investigators to study virus samples in the lab and to map in the field how large tree bats deposit excrement on a delicate fruit, the sap of which is drunk as a delicacy by locals. In different variations this example is repeated over and over in eco-virus studies, as David Quammen reviews so artfully in Spillover.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Another critical possbility may be amplified, too. Those in Euro-American settings who explore entanglements between diverse modes of human and nonhuman life may become better equipped than heretofore to engage rich traditions of cross-species perspectivalism advanced in several nonwestern regions as well as in indigenous traditions of peoples now partitioned by "reservations" in western "settler" societies.</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6056235652294517694#_edn7" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: x-large;">[vii]</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> We may rise above a nature/culture bifurcation of our own making, pressing either to impose one side or the other of the European dualist/reductionist debate upon interpretations of nonwestern peoples or to "bracket" both Eurocentric conceptions in an artificial way. More reciprocal modes of dialogue now become more feasible between advocates of decolonialism located in different regions, not because of a change in this dimension alone, of course, but by linking it to studies that oppose imperial captures by capitalism and the nature/culture divisions bound to it. In fact, the latter dimension has played a role in all civilizations of productivity and abundance, not only in capitalism. Though capitalism leads the way today.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> Opportunities may now be augmented to learn from less-productivist oriented cultures how to promote resilence during an age of rapid climate change and periodic pandemics, so as to break the hegemony of private profit, stratification, economic growth and mastery over nature. Augmented but not launched. Numerous such dialogues have been underway for a while.</span></div>
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<b style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-size: x-large;">Endnotes</b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6056235652294517694#_ednref1">[i]</a> One account is offered in The Fragility of Things: Self-Organizing Processes, Neoliberal Fantasies, and Democratic Activism (Durham: Duke University Press, 2013).<br /><br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6056235652294517694#_ednref2">[ii]</a> Thus Descartes says, "For the whole duration of my life can be divided into an infinite number of parts, no one of which is dependent on the others, and so it does not follow from the fact that I have existed a short while before that I should exist now, unless at this moment some cause produces and creates me..." That is God, the eminent cause, which, of course, rules out emergent causation. Meditations, trans by Lawrence lafleur, New York: Library of Liberal Arts, 1952), p. 105.<br /><br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6056235652294517694#_ednref3">[iii]</a> Dean Buonomano, Your Brain is a Time Machine: The Neuroscience and Physics of Time (New York: Norton, 2018), p. 156. .<br /><br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6056235652294517694#_ednref4">[iv]</a> Michael Oldstone, Viruses, Plagues, History New York: Oxford University Press, 2010, pp. 19-40.<br /><br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6056235652294517694#_ednref5">[v]</a> Patrick Forterre, "To be or not to be alive: How recent discoveries challenge the traditional definitions of viruses and life", Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences ( vol. 59) 2016, 100-108.<br /><br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6056235652294517694#_ednref6">[vi]</a> I have focused in this piece on one strain in social/natural science engagements starting from what might be called the majoritarian drive in each. All along there have been challenges by an evolving minor tradition, exemplified here by Bergson and Kauffman. But it reaches back to at least Lucretius, and finds recent expression in Nietzsche, Kafka, Whitehead, Baldwin, Haraway, Bennett, and Deleuze.<br /><br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6056235652294517694#_ednref7">[vii]</a> For studies that do exactly that see Deborah Danowski and Eduardo Viveiros de Castro, The Ends of the World, trans. by Rodrigo Nunes (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2017); and Anatoli Ignatov, "The Earth as Gift Giving Ancestor", Political Theory, 45 no 1, (2017), 52-57.</span></div>
Jairus Victor Grovehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15030715466285389226noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6056235652294517694.post-85399879934640726582020-06-08T13:10:00.000-07:002020-10-21T12:04:38.821-07:00Let American Democracy Be<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Steven Johnston</b> is Neal A. Maxwell Chair in Political Theory, Public Policy, and Public Service, University of Utah and is the author of, most recently, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Wonder-Cruelty-Ontological-Wonderful-Literature/dp/1498583628"><i>Wonder and Cruelty: Ontological War in 'It's a Wonderful Life'</i></a> and <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Lincoln-Ambiguous-Modernity-Political-Thought/dp/1442261307/ref=tmm_hrd_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=&sr="><i>Lincoln: The Ambiguous Icon</i></a>. </span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">The ferocious social and political response to the sadistic murder of George Floyd by a Minneapolis police thug inspires. Swarms of democratic citizens in the United States (and around the globe) have taken to the streets to denounce structural racism and state violence and demand accountability and fundamental change, even raising the possibility of the abolition of policing as we now know it. They have done so despite the terrible dangers that the pandemic poses. Mainstream media have sounded the alarm about a possible resurgence of Covid-19 as a result of the communal protests, and while the possibility exists, it has conveniently distracted attention from the same threat already posed by a premature reopening of the economy championed by Donald Trump and the Republican Party. That George Floyd protesters were knowingly willing to take this risk indicates the terrible dilemma imposed on them: stay safe and (effectively) silent at home in the face of the routine onslaught on people of color in this country and thus see it continue unabated and unopposed, or take a stand in public knowing that this is just one more risk people are forced to assume in a society that willfully dominates people of color and will continue to do so for as long as white power and privilege perdure. Their courage and heroism cannot be overstated. They make American democracy look good even when it is dysfunctional. In short, they are enacting the moral and political principles American democracy already claims to embody.</span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 107%;">Democratic activists confront more than coronavirus-related health risks. They also face serious dangers from the knee-jerk deployment of police and military forces whenever American citizens enact their democratic rights in public. (Trump’s brown-shirt tactics across the street from the White House to arrange a reelection photo-op merely perfected this perverse “security” arrangement.) These forces, armed to the teeth, have no place on America’s
streets. The first amendment guarantees the people the right peaceably to assemble and demand meaningful change from their government. It does not guarantee this right under the watchful gaze and menacing presence of uniformed state officers wearing (or not) badges and guns. The streets belong to the people, not the police or the military. It is up to the people themselves to control them—and themselves. The police must remain in their barracks, especially when they are the institution that have created the need for democratic action. Otherwise, the police, as we have seen over the past week, just take another opportunity to employ deadly violence against the very people they ostensibly serve and protect. In this regard, it is the curfew order, an illegitimate suppression of
politics and an inadvertent confession by the state that it cannot handle democratic citizens acting democratically, that gives police the license they seek to exercise their will to power, especially against people of color. The occasional expression of solidarity by police (taking a knee for a brief moment with protesters) does nothing to alter this fact of American life.</span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Does this mean that political protest might spiral out of control and turn to violence? Yes, it does. Does this mean that some who have no interest in politics, in racial justice, might capitalize on the situation and commit acts of vandalism and looting? Yes, it does? Aren’t these serious concerns? Yes, but they are not principal concerns. American democracy must be able to express itself, especially in moments such as this one. If, for whatever reasons, the streets themselves pay a price for the democratic freedom, militancy, and resistance they make possible, then that is a price American democracy must be prepared to pay. The United States unthinking spends trillions of dollars on needless, illegal wars abroad. The United States throws away trillions of dollars in reckless tax cuts for the rich and corporations who don’t need, let alone warrant, them. The United States can afford to pick up the tab for democracy’s expression, for righteous civil insurrection. After all, the United States created the conditions that led to the protests and made looting possible in the first place. The country thus bears ultimate responsibility to redeem and make whole citizens who became unwitting victims of the protests. In short, rather than look to punish those responsible for excesses, follow the advice of Martin Luther King and eliminate the conditions that enable those excesses in the first place. Until that is done, who are we to punish anyone?</span></span>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Derek Chauvin’s murder of George Floyd appalls for any number of reasons. What might be most noticeable about the video capturing this atrocity, however, is the arrogant nonchalance with which Chauvin snuffs out Mr. Floyd’s life. Notice Chauvin’s body language. He rides George’s neck with his left hand resting on his thigh. Occasionally he has to balance himself. Chauvin’s posture suggests a sadist who enjoys the brutality he inflicts on a helpless black man face-down on the street, handcuffed. It’s as if he’s testing himself to see how long he can stay on top of Mr. Floyd without falling off. Chauvin indulging his lust for killing is sickening. None of his three police partners in crime tried to stop him. Rather, they protected him.</span></span>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Chauvin and his cohorts should have been arrested the very day they killed Mr. Floyd and charged with murder. They were not. The escalating protests that followed were in sync with the act that triggered them, including the burning of one particular Minneapolis police station. In 2020, if and when a black person is murdered by police, and the state fails to take decisive action against them, the precinct that houses the killers becomes a legitimate object of response. A police precinct is more than a logistical center for the exercise of law and order. It is also a symbol of the community. A public trust, it ought to represent safety, justice, and equality under the law. When it not only fails to live up to these ideals but actively negates them it has lost its reason for being. It becomes nothing more than an outpost of oppression and domination, in which case it can and perhaps should be burned to the ground. When the police nullify the proverbial social contract making life together possible, they need to be taught a lesson they cannot forget. The police, that is, need to be deterred from their own brand of crime. Minneapolis police rightly surrendered the building to outraged democratic citizens, the building’s true sovereigns. Mr. Floyd’s murder would not have been possible in a decent society. That such murder is commonplace means that extraordinary measures might have to be taken to redress it. No justice, no peace must have some teeth behind it. It can’t just be a slogan that can, in turn, be dismissed by the powers that be. Burning Chauvin’s Minneapolis police station as an act of creative and disciplined violence. It restores the proper balance of power between the people and the state. The people, not Bunker Boy and the police, must dominate the streets. The police present themselves as enemies of the democratic people whenever they appear, especially armed and in riot gear, at a political rally or demonstration. As such, they should be considered the enemy until they prove otherwise. They do not belong and have no place in the political sphere. When they do, they tend to look for opportunities to attack their fellow citizens, as New York City police in particular have proven.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">The George Floyd protesters can teach the so-called LIBERATE! militants a thing or two about democratic politics. The latter, drawn from Trump’s angry white male working-class base and incited by him, descended on state capitals like Lansing, Michigan, to demand their “rights.” They wanted stay-at-home orders lifted. The wanted the economy to reopen. They kept insisting on their rights. Participants would proclaim, “I have the right to go where I want and do what I want. It’s nobody’s business but my own. I can take the risk if I so choose.” What they were demanding was not liberty but license, a distinction lost on them in their rage. Unfortunately, this rage was apolitical and amounted to declaring that, “I can do whatever I want to do, the potential life or death consequences to others be damned.” They may have targeted state capitals, sites of power, but what they enacted was a rage fest, replete with guns, which gratuitously endangered themselves and others. I say gratuitously because they, unlike George Floyd protesters, had other options available to them. They could have demanded that the state provide disaster relief to them on a scale commensurate with the pandemic. Trump is wholly dependent on his base for an electoral college reelection. He feeds them regular doses of racial ressentiment to keep them devoted. They could have rejected this ugly brand of race politics and forced Trump and the GOP to keep them safe and protect them from economic ruin. If they withdraw their support, they have the power to destroy the GOP. They did not exercise it and as a result inflicted even more needless suffering on themselves and the country they claim to love. The LIBERATE! militants offer an example of what not to do politically in an emergency.</span></span>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-lTdGtEIlM7iabPEQESeQ7OFiIyS6L-54VxUThJ5BjiorhAuaL7Otij4VjUI1IzqnbleIeXNZGuHh0NtuAP_SXafkHcVxeAhCxU1t6TkVRlEBGsAowbkAAoE6Iqeo1-JLSpVhkXsD6q0/s1600/Michigan+Militia+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="961" data-original-width="1443" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-lTdGtEIlM7iabPEQESeQ7OFiIyS6L-54VxUThJ5BjiorhAuaL7Otij4VjUI1IzqnbleIeXNZGuHh0NtuAP_SXafkHcVxeAhCxU1t6TkVRlEBGsAowbkAAoE6Iqeo1-JLSpVhkXsD6q0/s640/Michigan+Militia+2.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">It is to the George Floyd protesters that we can look for inspiration. They represent an example of commitment to a more decent America, one in which Black Lives Matter. And if Black Lives actually do come to Matter, just imagine what else will come along in its wake.</span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">June 6, 2020 </span></span></span></span>
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Derek Denmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11790693849406992144noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6056235652294517694.post-35052771217054024912020-05-19T09:58:00.000-07:002020-05-20T02:09:28.976-07:00The Mimetic Virus: Rethinking Mimesis in the Age of Covid-19<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Nidesh Lawtoo</b> is </span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Assistant Professor of Philosophy and English at KU Leuven & ERC Principal Investigator</span>. </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">The coronavirus, like all viruses, is mimetic in the biological
sense that it reproduces itself through other living beings, but what is the
link between the ancient concept of<i> mim</i><i>ēsis </i>and viral contagion? And if a link there is,
how can an apparently unoriginal concept often translated as “imitation,” or
“representation,” help us reflect critically, and thus diagnostically on the contagious
pathology that, for months, has been galvanizing public opinion? Now that the
lockdown is beginning to be eased increasing responsibility is placed on
individuals to find a difficult—for some impossible—middle path between the
social distancing necessary to avoid contamination and the return to essential
activities that require a degree of physical proximity. In this context, it is
urgent to remember that it is not only the nonhuman virus that is mimetic;
humans are imitative creatures as well—for both good and ill.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">While the Covid-19 virus is under the lens of epidemiologists
and virologists, it has also revealed what philosophers from Plato and
Aristotle onward have considered to be one of humans’ defining characteristics:
namely, that we are<i> </i>an extremely mimetic species, not only in the aesthetic
sense that humans represent the world via realistic media (painting, theater,
cinema, TV), but also in the psychological, sociological, and political sense
that we imitate, often without being conscious of doing so, other people
(gesture, emotions, habits, practices). <i>Homo sapiens</i>, in other words, is
also a <i>homo mimeticus</i>.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">According to this second definition, mimesis shares some
characteristics with viruses: it is linked to reproduction, it infiltrates
human bodies in imperceptible ways, and above all, it renders subjects vulnerable
to a type of affective contagion that is amplified by proximity with others:
anxiety, fear, panic, but also new mimetic gesture and positive emotions like
solidarity, compassion and sympathy, which, even from a distance, make us at least
partially partake in the suffering (<i>pathos</i>) of the other, turning it
into a shared suffering (<i>sym-pathos</i>, feeling with). Finally, if the
virus, in the weakened/modified form of a vaccine, provides a therapeutic
immunity to the infection, mimesis is equally endowed with double
pharmaceutical properties characteristic of what Plato called a <i>pharmakon</i>
(poison and cure). </span></span></div>
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Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
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<br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">A pandemic crisis escapes generalizations for it
manifests itself differently in different countries and is amplified by racial
discrimination, poverty, political neglect, lack of basic social security
measures etc. And yet, to schematize things, the Covid-19 pandemic has tended
to generate a double movement that oscillates, pendulum-like, between two opposed
poles: on one side, a majority has been attracted toward an inevitable, fully
legitimate given the gravity of the crisis, but perhaps also excessively
mediatized focus on the <i>pathos</i> the pandemic is causing: on the other
side, a minority has manifested a critical or, more often, uncritical <i>distance</i>
that underestimates the danger of the pandemic. In a different context, Nietzsche
called this double movement between mimetic pathos and critical distance, “pathos
of distance.” On his shoulders, I take three genealogical steps in this immanent
direction: two steps back, to reevaluate the relation between mimesis and
contagion for the ancients and the moderns, and one ahead, toward what is to
come.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">I.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">First step. Let us recall that when the concept of <i>mimēsis </i>first appears on the philosophical scene in the first books of the Republic, Plato does not introduce an ontological concept that reduces the phenomenal world to a copy, shadow, or “phantom [<i>phantasma</i>]” of transcendental ideas—turning the artistic world into a phantom of a phantom. Instead, <i>mimesis </i>is first introduced as a theatrical concept (from <i>mimos</i>, actor but also performance) that concerns the education (<i>paideia</i>) of youths in a period still partially dominated by an oral culture. Dramatizations of the <i>Iliad </i>or the tragedies, says in substance Plato, under the mask of Socrates, have a pathological effect on the public because they generate a contagious <i>pathos </i>that is transmitted from the poet to the actors to the crowd in the theater, generating a “long chain” (the metaphor is form <i>Ion</i>) endowed with magnetic, contagious, and in this sense, mimetic properties.</span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Thus reframed, the famous Allegory of the Cave is brought closer to our homes in this period of seclusion and mediatized exposure: the chained prisoners are spellbound by a shadow-play they mistake for reality not only because they lack the philosophical distance of the philosopher but also because the spectacle generates a mimetic <i>pathos </i>that is magnetic and chains prisoners to those theatrical projections—mimetic projections which, as film scholars routinely note, anticipate cinema, and as Morpheus adds in <i>The Matrix</i>, pave the way for a “welcome” to the digital age.</span></span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyNc9G5P_VhGSB0-dvtVm7pkpm_QSV2ACxsfTHAyP9cOjj5lmtRowVn-5V8nssbx6gfikt9t1vykp3fpLwHQuvD7reu4CDuJuDMl_iaH4e7poFuh_eGrWTO5ioyHqU2Bhj2TkJuOC2i0U/s1600/Morpheus.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="125" data-original-width="300" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyNc9G5P_VhGSB0-dvtVm7pkpm_QSV2ACxsfTHAyP9cOjj5lmtRowVn-5V8nssbx6gfikt9t1vykp3fpLwHQuvD7reu4CDuJuDMl_iaH4e7poFuh_eGrWTO5ioyHqU2Bhj2TkJuOC2i0U/s640/Morpheus.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">If we now translate this ancient myth back into the contemporary context of our private caves chained to the continuous flow of daily news, we can take some critical distance and ask: in the case of the Covid-19 pandemic, are we facing a viral/virtual phenomenon in which the media focus makes us lose the sense, not of the reality of the pandemic (people are really dying, and in massive numbers—over 300’000 so far) but, rather, of the <i>proportions </i>between the mediatized phenomenon and the effective reality of the epidemic—as Giorgio Agamben controversially claimed as he spoke of a “normal flu.” Or are we facing an epochal change that will “destroy the foundations of our lives,” as Slavoj Žižek wrote with pathos in <i>Pandemic!</i>? Or should we rather forge a middle path in-between pathos and distance? </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">The seriousness of Covid-19 pandemic should not be underestimated, especially now as the quarantine is progressively eased and the mimetic reflex to fall back to habitual patterns of behavior is strong. Social distance must be preserved whenever possible. People and governments should also distinguish between what is essential and what is not: after the rush for toilet paper let us not rush to the hairdresser. The virus injects ethical responsibilities into our daily routines for we are ethically responsible for the people we get in touch with; we must be mindful not only of our personal desires but of others’ lives. At the same time, a mimetic perspective reveals that the (new) media are not a transparent window onto the world; they are rather a lens that zooms in on certain phenomena at the expense of others. We should not forget that the global south is simultaneously fighting against other epidemics and mortal sicknesses (HIV, polio, famine, etc.) that may not be in the limelight of daily news, but continue to affect and infect the “wretched of the earth” (Fanon’s term) who are the most vulnerable to the epidemic: from racial minorities in the US to the migrant camps in Europe, from African bidonvilles the to the slums of India and Bangladesh, we should not take the Covid-19 world maps that register the spread of the pandemic as a realistic mirror of what happens on the ground for testing is not available everywhere and an image from above is far removed from the reality below. The still whitish representation of Africa we have repeatedly seen over the past months as other areas turned red, should not veil the reality that these areas are the most exposed to what Joseph Conrad, in <i>Heart of Darkness</i>, called “the horror.”</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Conrad in a lesser-known narrative of the sea titled <i>The
Shadow-Line</i> had dramatized the horrific effects of an epidemic outbreak on
board ship so vividly that it lead to the following diagnostic in 2016: “the
shadow of epidemics looms large on the horizon…Hence the urgency to turn back
to a writer like Conrad who, well before contemporary theorists, puts readers
back in touch with the literal effects of pathological contagion” (p. 92). Hence again, we add now, the urgency to
strive for a global vision rather than a nationalistic vision; to assimilate information
about the pandemic in homeopathic doses from official news, rather than in
massive doses from social media; to recognize the privilege of the many who can
take distance in Western countries, and the tragedy of proximity so many face in
the global south—at least if we want mimesis to start turning from poison to
remedy.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">II.</span></span></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Second step. The connection
between mimesis and contagion is not original. It became central to sociological
reflections on the dynamic of crowd behavior in the last decades of the
nineteenth century that deserve to be revisited in the context of pandemic
crises in the present century. Founding figures of crowd psychology like
Gustave Le Bon and Gabriel Tarde noted that when people assemble as part of a
physical crowd in a public square or as a virtual public while reading
newspapers at home—and today, Twitter or Facebook posts—they transmit emotions
from self to others in an irrational, unconscious, and as they would say,
“contagious” way. Adapting a metaphor borrowed from Pasteur’s recent discovery
of microbes, these social theorists applied it to the collective psyche in
order to account for the unconscious relation that turn the affect of the other
into my affect. The mirroring relation between self and other, they also noticed,
leads the ego to mimetically reproduce the affects of others in general and of
prestigious others like politicians, in particular. For crowd psychologists, reflex
imitation much more than dreams, served as a <i>via regia</i> to a relational, social, and immanent unconscious, I call the mimetic unconscious. </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">A genealogy of the mimetic unconscious shows how the irrational pathos triggered in periods of social and political crisis can easily take the lead over critical distance. Historical examples do not lack and the shadow of imitation has been registered in social theory.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Leaders like Mussolini and Hitler drew directly from Le Bon’s
lessons, treating his book as a manual to galvanize the masses: repetition of
slogans, authoritative affirmations, use of images, gestures and facial
expressions rather than logical thoughts or arguments, all these rhetorical
strategies had a disconcerting efficacy in the past century. We saw they continue
to be effective in the present century. The powers of mimesis reloaded via new
media are in fact contributing to spreading, if not fascism itself, at least
the shadow of fascism—what William Connolly calls <i>Aspirational Fascism</i>
and I call <i>(New) Fascism</i>.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe3cfIEf_TmyWU5OjXcseFMfW1VM6ybdztyGJQhDY4DUV6lQG72Z3lOFCZd_uxACHX4PqrffaZwJAffrYIbyn4ftPywKRVxMkb3n2lAYjilD_1RNsNY-LgsaQfLkt2oFztLWqP3nScNWY/s1600/Connolly+Lawtoo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="225" data-original-width="329" height="273" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe3cfIEf_TmyWU5OjXcseFMfW1VM6ybdztyGJQhDY4DUV6lQG72Z3lOFCZd_uxACHX4PqrffaZwJAffrYIbyn4ftPywKRVxMkb3n2lAYjilD_1RNsNY-LgsaQfLkt2oFztLWqP3nScNWY/s400/Connolly+Lawtoo.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6056235652294517694" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6056235652294517694" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Time and again, leaders like Bolsonaro in Brazil, Erdoğan in Turkey, Orbán in Hungary, or Trump in the US, reveal the pathological effects of the pathos of distance constitutive of (new)/aspirational fascism. Trump’s case continues to be revealing and the shadow he casts must not be underestimated for emotional contagion can take advantage of viral contagion. The bad example he sets amplifies the viral pathology in multiple ways: first, he avoided early-warnings, downplayed the danger of the pandemic, and made promises of non-existing “vaccines” and spring “miracles;” then he politicized the pandemic by falling back on hypernationalist accusations against Europe and China, going as far as siding against the World Health Organization; subsequently, he proclaimed his “total authority” over the government, displaying thus both authoritarian tendencies symptomatic of (new) fascism while displaying an inability to guarantee minimal security measures—from unemployment to medical insurance to effective testing—for the population of one of the richest countries in the world. And last, he continues to amplify confusion by going against his medical advisors, suggesting fake therapies, and failing to comply with the most basic rules of social distancing. A genealogy of mimesis teaches us that examples, even if pathological, are not deprived of effective powers of contamination in periods of crisis.</span></span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE4mYRvMv1X-N_P659rGknqtEq8_Rbbw3JCNNlGqA5l9Eb8TuT_LtSI92PUWcm5Ush5eIzc2C1O83gs3iMON8F0xPEncyVIz7eLNPceL54lmRPtcqIN5TZ-8EMZg_gO7JH7ENX0TvYEgI/s1600/Trump.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="174" data-original-width="309" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE4mYRvMv1X-N_P659rGknqtEq8_Rbbw3JCNNlGqA5l9Eb8TuT_LtSI92PUWcm5Ush5eIzc2C1O83gs3iMON8F0xPEncyVIz7eLNPceL54lmRPtcqIN5TZ-8EMZg_gO7JH7ENX0TvYEgI/s400/Trump.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
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<![endif]--></span></span></span><span style="font-size: large;">Leaders like Trump and Bolsonaro are not the same as Hitler or Mussolini, yet they generate forms of thoughtlessness that resuscitates the shadow of what Hannah Arendt called “the banality of evil.” What we must add is that rethinking mimesis in the age of Covid-19 leads us to zoom out and consider another non-human shadow on the horizon.</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></span></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">III.</span></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Two steps back allow us to make a last step—or
jump—ahead. If we situate both digital shadows and (new) fascist phantoms against
the material background that for the moment still sustain us, climate change
should not serve as a background but as the environment in which to develop <i>pharmaka</i>
attentive to the conditions of both human and nonhuman survival in the age of
the Anthropocene. Not unlike an epidemic infection, climate change reveals the
agentic power of non-human forces, is imperceptible, operates on a global
level, is re-produced by humans, infects all aspects of social life, and above
all, it urges us to change habits and modes of lives. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">This last step provides the critical distance necessary to
overturn our mimetic criticism of viral contagion into what Nietzsche would
call, in a mirroring inversion of perspectives, an “attempt at self-criticism.”
If we look into this genealogical mirror the Covid-19 pandemic sets up, a familiar
figure appears: the double-faced <i>pharmakon</i> is ourselves, <i>homo
mimeticus</i>. It is thus up to all of us now to consider the pandemic as what
Bruno Latour called a “dress rehearsal” for climate change: that is, an
occasion to start turning the all too human mimetic pathology into a mimetic
therapy for both human and nonhuman life on Earth.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">In a strange mirroring reflection, the pandemic crisis
can serve as a model. Among the catastrophic contagious pathologies, it
disseminates, it also reveals the extraordinary human capacity to adapt,
chameleon-like, to changing conditions and promote alternative modes of
existence. Now that the lockdown restrictions begin to be eased, it is
imperative to resist the unconscious mimetic reflex to return to business as
usual—or worse, intensify leisure activities that foster proximity and
pollution to compensate for the time lost. The time that was lost for us, was
gained for the Planet. But if the quarantine seems long to us, it was but a
short breath for the Earth. If we put this time to use, the Covid-19 pandemic
revealed to all in practice what many knew in theory: we are not the
autonomous, self-sufficient, and omnipotent monads neoliberal capitalism
induces us to believe we are. On the contrary, we are relational creatures who
are interdependent, extremely vulnerable, but also strikingly adaptable, and in
this sense mimetic, part of a network of actions and reactions that transgress
the borders that divide self from others, but also nations and continents,
human and nonhumans, all of which are part of an immanent, fragile, and
interconnected ecological system—what Connolly calls, <i>The Fragility of
Things</i>. Since we have only this world, the Covid-19 epidemic made us see
that we do not really have a choice: its high time to learn Nietzsche’s
imperative to become “faithful to the Earth.” </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Developing antidotes <i>contra </i>the pathologies of <i>homo mimeticus</i> and disseminate them via therapeutic forms of mimetic practices, both individually and globally, are now the next steps to take.</span></span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6056235652294517694" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSea5XzCk0xrg7lG-m3E-Ou1gGpdn9aO5rfBB2mDlL_yPn6pPXkUcnKGh64saPfVtUyKn4pNPqYPuep4dw8JQJ9CdEQZ_TacBnci2leoZdVjAz931cCpJokFwsLbtji1M9FUV3od1voHw/s1600/Covid.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="218" data-original-width="300" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSea5XzCk0xrg7lG-m3E-Ou1gGpdn9aO5rfBB2mDlL_yPn6pPXkUcnKGh64saPfVtUyKn4pNPqYPuep4dw8JQJ9CdEQZ_TacBnci2leoZdVjAz931cCpJokFwsLbtji1M9FUV3od1voHw/s400/Covid.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A version of this article first appeared in Italian on the blog, Fatamorgana (April 19, 2020). The last image is by Milo Manara ©. This article is part of a project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement n°716181: Homo Mimeticus: Theory and Criticism). More information available here: <a href="http://www.homomimeticus.eu/">http://www.homomimeticus.eu/</a></span><br />
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVR1GipINh3m3-MSNDggm307RqHUuMvgfErT5ObmuP7H8JH9Bs2s2XnmCHLWRZqhs0Inc-5xJwGWek4UKEIsx7yfx25_4_HyIXwQEL_eOnd-lruICifH2J0a_62TgeFtR9H44BOAM7KI4/s1600/ERC.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="108" data-original-width="167" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVR1GipINh3m3-MSNDggm307RqHUuMvgfErT5ObmuP7H8JH9Bs2s2XnmCHLWRZqhs0Inc-5xJwGWek4UKEIsx7yfx25_4_HyIXwQEL_eOnd-lruICifH2J0a_62TgeFtR9H44BOAM7KI4/s1600/ERC.jpg" /></a></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
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<![endif]--></span>Derek Denmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11790693849406992144noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6056235652294517694.post-49295523665845791372020-05-11T11:56:00.002-07:002020-06-16T23:43:07.363-07:00Reichstag Events, Pandemics, and Normality<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiILQA97co0XstooG7x3Gisv5Us_Kfp36TnzPjwKAXHn4TpDN1PlG6umK0neU5dksiDniHL340zqedLzxvZv3pfAx0WmTRVyePUSDm54GwzexxA1ePEs1Aulf3StBqezLlWYx72lcW7a1LZ/s1600/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="291" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiILQA97co0XstooG7x3Gisv5Us_Kfp36TnzPjwKAXHn4TpDN1PlG6umK0neU5dksiDniHL340zqedLzxvZv3pfAx0WmTRVyePUSDm54GwzexxA1ePEs1Aulf3StBqezLlWYx72lcW7a1LZ/s1600/1.jpg" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>William E. Connolly</b></span><br />
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;">author, Aspirational Fascism (2017) and Climate Machines, Fascist Drives and Truth (2019)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: x-large;">I</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Time accelerated in 1933. After a fraught meeting, President von Hindenburg appointed Hitler Chancellor of Germany on January 30, 1933. Hitler had only secured a minority of the vote in the recent election. But the Communists and Social Democrats, who shared much of the rest of the vote, bitterly opposed each other; the non-fascist right wing--aligned with Hindenburg--sought to bring the Weimar Republic to an end; and a cast of big industrialists thought they could use Hitler to defeat the Communists, weaken labor unions and Social Democrats, and keep Hitler himself under control. The Social Democrats, as Peter Fritzsche says in HItler's First Hundred Days, "never imagined how ruthless their Nazi opponents in fact were," (p. 126). They regularly underplayed their ferocity and relentlessness.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJIGUY-Ch8FV93MQ5xAkcvF9dbQDg0NfgEN62OgnViEokfMNhrBKLk35mro_gzK5w9LPZpwmAwWmJv2R84pK05Kwzpi1XOGuOhGH4FqHgADBrQcX_Ka8r7zjwccornhlzxSwcNrUSwSUMk/s1600/51Bm%252BQhUw7L._SY346_.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="346" data-original-width="224" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJIGUY-Ch8FV93MQ5xAkcvF9dbQDg0NfgEN62OgnViEokfMNhrBKLk35mro_gzK5w9LPZpwmAwWmJv2R84pK05Kwzpi1XOGuOhGH4FqHgADBrQcX_Ka8r7zjwccornhlzxSwcNrUSwSUMk/s640/51Bm%252BQhUw7L._SY346_.jpg" width="412" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Many industrialists, similarly, were confident Hitler would become their pawn, as the rich lover of Sally Bowles (Lisa Minelli) announced to her casually in Caberet when she asked him whether the street beating they saw by brownshirts worried him. "First we will let them destroy the Communists and Social Democrats, and then we will control them." We have seen both types of fantasy in play here, too.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQGLSWVLMGv7brydnM5Q4i8C4tD2md-fkeOd0CCcZ5QiicJLOl9fkdWIYl9XwLYiOQg9QACUyA9L6TZFlh50oqvNNkcHaprqf88pkGPW63YHGy3UXy2cUpG3VW3vT8wfLQ3Fc3if_Y2Fp2/s1600/cabaret.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="869" data-original-width="600" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQGLSWVLMGv7brydnM5Q4i8C4tD2md-fkeOd0CCcZ5QiicJLOl9fkdWIYl9XwLYiOQg9QACUyA9L6TZFlh50oqvNNkcHaprqf88pkGPW63YHGy3UXy2cUpG3VW3vT8wfLQ3Fc3if_Y2Fp2/s640/cabaret.jpg" width="440" /></a></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;">Immediately after Hitler became Chancellor, Nazi use of the radio for national rallies accelerated, street violence increased, and defilement of opponents intensified. A three ring circus. The idea was to link all opponents together, above all to identify Social Democrats with Communists through invective and to treat Jews as the "red thread" tying both movements together. Hitler had insisted for years that "no half measures" can be tolerated. "It is a half measure to let incurably sick people steadily contaminate the remaining healthy ones." (Mein Kampf, 255) Here are merely a few regime actions spiraling into each other over a few short months.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">---on February 27, the Reichstag parliamentary building in Berlin was burned down. A Dutch Communist was immediately blamed, though later evidence suggests that Hermann Goring started it himself.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;">---Hitler used the fire to declare a state of emergency and consolidate one party rule. Open opposition to him now became dangerous.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;">---the Communists became the first objects of systematic oppression, with numerous arrests, and their legality as a political party was soon rescinded.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;">---After January 30th, "the Prussian government deputized the SA as auxiliary police, and other German states followed suit." (162). So now the SA could first attack Social Democrats and Communists on the street and then imprison them for resisting arrest.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;">---on March 5th Hitler persuaded Hindenburg to call new elections. His mammoth rally in Berlin was broadcast by radio throughout the nation, with millions of people gathering in homes and bars to hear the speech. The theme was "Germany Wake Up!", with the crowd regularly roaring Seig Heil in response to his calls. The Nazis won 52% of the vote, with the other 48% divided between parties implacably divided against each other.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;">---In Hamburg, shortly after the election, 20,000 brownshirts appeared in a tumultuous torchlight parade, This event spread to other cities in waves.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;">---Communists elected to Parliament were "annulled", increasing the Nazi margin.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;">---In Dresden, after the election, Social Democrats and Communists were forced to get on hands and knees and "scrub" the streets clean of the election slogans they had painted on the streets. (152)</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;">---In February, the "Law for Restoration of the German People" banned Communists from holding open air meetings and authorized newspaper censorship.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;">---The seeds of surveillance and citizen denunciations of non-Nazis were sown during the election and escalated after it; soon people were denounced for not returning the Hitler greeting.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;">---By late March newspapers were pressed hard to coordinate their reporting and editorials with the state line on all topics. The"Fake media"--not Hitler's term, merely his idea--was soon brought under official control. That control provided cover for more street violence, which was often said to occur in response to a terror threat. So the media, non Nazi parties, and diffident citizens were pressed on two fronts at once: the state and the street. ---In April of 33, a national boycott of Jewish shops was launched, with shout outs and beatings of Jews now becoming much more common.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;">---Concentration camps for Communists were opened in May of 1933, with Jews, Social Democrats and other "degenerates" and "scum" rounded up later.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;">---By May of 1933, most Germans raised their hands in the Hitler salute on the street, including workers, teachers, civil servants, and train passengers. Rationalists take note: Do not underestimate the extent to which repeated repetition of a salute and rhythmic responses at rallies slip into the cultural unconscious, spawning prompts to actions and tolerances. According to testimony, many who did not participate in such rituals found their dream lives transformed, with these anxieties percolating into into their daily lives.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;">---May Day now became a celebration of National Socialism.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<b><span style="font-size: x-large;">II</span></b></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;">The marches, street beatings, nationally broadcast tirades, arrests, accusations of terrorism, closures, concentration camps, attacks on "interracial" couples, dismantling of unions and political parties, interminable salutes, suspension of elections, and racial nationalism accumulated to change the public ethos of a regime over a few months. The future horrors of Nazism crystallized out of this stew of intimidations, accusations, violences, flattery of "Aryans", intimidation of the Press, and destruction of unions and political parties.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJRlN1gXv0MKxYSt9Aaj9XrIMqv8Z8eo3Gt0cBy2MG-OwYNBEb1DQq8BFc9vBA1lsLrrPCVRp4_WIMt8xCDXVLD-0LED4VcCifWFgOKnVYc4YKfexkL2jsHKMCm0kZx2eVB6oWqycUMO7e/s1600/cracked-glass_1920x880_acf_cropped.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="734" data-original-width="1600" height="292" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJRlN1gXv0MKxYSt9Aaj9XrIMqv8Z8eo3Gt0cBy2MG-OwYNBEb1DQq8BFc9vBA1lsLrrPCVRp4_WIMt8xCDXVLD-0LED4VcCifWFgOKnVYc4YKfexkL2jsHKMCm0kZx2eVB6oWqycUMO7e/s640/cracked-glass_1920x880_acf_cropped.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">Did the new regime, installed so rapidly, mean that most of the German populace, previously divided, now consented to aggressive, exclusionary, racial nationalism? It seems wiser to say that, for many, consent was manufactured out of fear, flattery, street beatings, arrests, pre-existing prejudices, destruction of unions, derailment of opposition parties, brilliant use of the radio, and Hitler's ruthless capacity to deploy these resources in varied mixtures.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglL2ulgbMvL-CL0aa2_aS9HjUPsM9yNpRF6nBG7exIlEJDRFp9MXLzTq7oXT6t1iRq2XX-3aQD4k6MUSDRLzagxVCObPGimhZuYTQV0HCulxzmlWX-liwC1caBljTpv9QfsgJ-Qj3OOLgQ/s1600/michigan+protest_0.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="390" data-original-width="575" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglL2ulgbMvL-CL0aa2_aS9HjUPsM9yNpRF6nBG7exIlEJDRFp9MXLzTq7oXT6t1iRq2XX-3aQD4k6MUSDRLzagxVCObPGimhZuYTQV0HCulxzmlWX-liwC1caBljTpv9QfsgJ-Qj3OOLgQ/s640/michigan+protest_0.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">Sometimes the center of gravity of a regime changes fast; institutions counted upon to hold things together are undermined, demeaned, and overridden by staccato repetition of multiple acts by aggressive leaders and ferocious followers. The ways such a disturbing dynamic can slide into nightly dreams and day time anxieties to prime public behavior is grasped superbly by Klaus Theweleit in Male Fantasies.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>III</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;">What about here and now? The differences between Germany then and America now are multiple and significant. We have reviewed some of them elsewhere. But there are affinities that must not be brushed aside either. Trump regularly encourages armed street demonstrations by the racist, extreme right; his speeches are peppered with phrases such as "scum", "fake news", and "deep state" to characterize critics or those who do not do his bidding; he falsifies the views of his election adversaries everyday; he is tightly aligned with Fox News and blogs that amplify his messages; he uses relentless repetition of Big Lies to create and sustain a militant, racist, nationalistic base; he colludes with Russia to shape election campaigns; he withdrew Congressionally mandated aid to beleaguered Ukraine to press it to announce a public investigation for corruption of his 2020 electoral opponent; his Attorney General overrides the rule of law and has converted the Justice Department into Trump's Roy Cohn Machine; Trump refuses to acknowledge Congressional rights to investigate his actions; and he and Republicans in several key states suppress the voting turnout of minorities.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Very recently his Attorney General asked a court to reverse the case against Michael Flynn, even though Flynn, with excellent legal representation, had pled guilty twice.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">During the coronavirus pandemic, which he downplayed at the most critical period of its onset, he has constructed a series of scapegoats to hold responsible for its spread: China, democratic governors, the previous administration, etc.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The refusal to use the National Defense Act to procure multiple testing kits early was a ruthless attempt to keep official Covid-19 infection and death rates down. That killer strategy shows just how ferocious and relentless this President will be under duress. That is what he and Hitler share most: a narcissism and brutality ready to be put into motion when a new threat or opportunity arises. Trump's threats against those opposed to him have escalated radically in recent weeks.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh80DeF_j9GJlMaKDM49Yew3trtnL0kdsBk_XhyOKS59a1FHYGgdOKEJ5bp2jC0E1O66mcXR_iUDDi8OAEkpAaUYJgZrkwu4ZvA0cG4DSTrr5eYSY11UWpQSR_MlVeiLQjVDb_zFPPjA2gA/s1600/Screen+Shot+2020-05-11+at+8.44.12+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1195" data-original-width="1600" height="478" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh80DeF_j9GJlMaKDM49Yew3trtnL0kdsBk_XhyOKS59a1FHYGgdOKEJ5bp2jC0E1O66mcXR_iUDDi8OAEkpAaUYJgZrkwu4ZvA0cG4DSTrr5eYSY11UWpQSR_MlVeiLQjVDb_zFPPjA2gA/s640/Screen+Shot+2020-05-11+at+8.44.12+AM.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">Do not believe Trump's lies about his policies and achievements: Do take very seriously everything he says about his plans for revenge, particularly against those who exposed the Russian collusion. Numerous tells expose the flimsiness of the first set of Big Lies; the intensity and decibel level of his voice disclose how deadly serious he is on the second front.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: x-large;">IV</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Some connections between accelerated climate change and the pandemic in capitalist states are perhaps these:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">a) both excite intense denialism among greedy elites because confronting them honestly would mean accepting significant social change;</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">b) rapid car, plane, and truck travel contribute to both through CO2 emissions in the first instance and by becoming vectors of spiraling infections in the second;</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">c) extreme squeezes on numerous habitat sites promoted by rapid climate change and other capitalist pressures spawn sites for new viral crossings from bats, snakes, chimps to humans and back again;</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">d) the Republican Party is certain to use the infections, deaths and unemployment dragged out by incompetence during the pandemic to insist, falsely, that this is exactly what would happen if a Green New Deal were enacted;</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">e) extreme inequality of income and insecurity, sharpened by neoliberalism, fosters living circumstances in which a pandemic can easily spread, as it also make it more difficult for those in the most dire circumstances to focus on the looming consequences of galloping climate change.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">One vexing problem is that the pandemic itself intensifies desires in several sectors of the populace to return to "normality". That indeed is one reason so many Democrats settled for Biden. Many people desire desperately to return to what was, and who could blame them. But normality is not the answer. It is not, first, because a set of disaffections churning inside the normality of 2016 set the stage for emergence of Trump, and, second, because normality secretes modes of denialism and casualism with respect to structural inequality and the future profoundly at odds with the radical challenges posed by rapid climate change and viral pandemics. </span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: x-large;">V</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">What is next? If the pandemic continues to race out of control--amplified by Trump's early neglect and his recent demands to reopen the economy as the virus continues to spread--we may face a new Reichstag event here. For Trump, when cornered, is extremely dangerous, as we have already seen. He and Barr might charge or arrest some of the opponents he daily smears and defames, starting with those who exposed the Russian collusion that helped to secure his narrow victory. People on Fox News are already calling for the arrest of members of the Obama administration. Such actions might both divert his base from the pandemic disaster and set him up to profit even more from the new round of collusion with Russia in the next election. He knows he needs collusion to win again, as he needed it the first time. That is why he keeps making those top secret calls to Putin. Or, citing a new wave of infections, Trump might delay the fall election until the pandemic ends, while refusing to accept mail voting. Or, he might incite storm troopers to scale up violence and social disturbance, so that he can then step in to restore the peace on terms he sets. Or, he might pretend there are imminent threats of violent protest from the Left, using the threat to enact tough guy powers as a "unitary President" he already claims to possess.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Trump now has very good reason to conclude he has the Justice Department, Fox News, right wing vigilantes, fascist blogs, numerous big donors, many courts, a majority on the Supreme Court, and the Republican Party in his back pocket, ready to support emergency actions to protect and extend his power under any pretext, however thin. He thinks the rest of us are too uncertain, demoralized and/or disconnected to mobilize effective action against him.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: x-large;">VI</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">I do not know what will happen over the next few months. We may or may not face a Reichstag event. We may--and must--struggle to ensure that Trump faces a massive electoral defeat, while remaining highly vigilant about his fascist drives and ambitions. I do know that he now presides over a regime capable of staging a new variant of Reichstag. His major dress rehearsals have been the 2016 Russian collusion, the Barr cover up of the Mueller Report, and secret pressure to force Ukraine to announce a public investigation into Biden corruption. He got away with them! The new Justice Department request to repeal Flynn's confessions and drop charges against him is another move in the larger Trump strategy, again, to clear the air for unfettered Russian interference in the next election. If that happens watch out. Hitler's first Putsch attempt failed. The Reichstag event became a screaming success.</span><br />
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Jairus Victor Grovehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15030715466285389226noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6056235652294517694.post-78971304482341069812020-03-08T12:52:00.002-07:002020-03-08T13:02:46.690-07:00COVID-19: No Alternative to Containment<div align="center" class="MsoTitle" style="font-family: "Calibri Light", sans-serif; font-size: 28pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 18pt;">Learning from Wuhan — there is no Alternative to the Containment of COVID-19</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">What we have to learn from China to understand adequately the COVID-19 crisis and to avoid a horrendous catastrophe<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">(March 4, 2020)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">Otto Kolbl (University of Lausanne) and Maximilian Mayer (University of Nottingham Ningbo China)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">Abstract</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></h1>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">In the past few weeks, virtually all experts quoted in by media stated that a pandemic-like outbreak of COVID-19 in Western countries is becoming unavoidable. The present search for individual cases will have to be given up in favor of mitigation measures like cancelling mass events or social distancing. The declared objective is to spread out the epidemic over time. However, all available data from China in addition to the concrete experience of people in Wuhan and now Iran shows that this change of policy would lead to a horrendous situation. Due to the overloading of healthcare systems, most people coming to hospitals with severe and critical pneumonia, gasping for breath and chocking as a result of water accumulating in their lungs, will have to be sent home to die when they could otherwise be saved.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">Two figures, among others, indicate that even in case of an epidemic spread out over time, every healthcare system will be totally overwhelmed by the sheer number of cases. Even with optimal preparation and organization, it will be possible to only treat a tiny fraction of critical cases. In all of China, the spread of SARS-CoV-2 has come to a halt after less than 80,000 cases of infection, thanks to the tough measures taken since the second half of January. Most of them got infected before January 23. In many cases, their state deteriorated only progressively. As of </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="http://www.nhc.gov.cn/xcs/yqtb/202002/945bd98a9d884aeeb54d76afa02ca813.shtml" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; text-decoration-line: none;">Feb. 23</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">, almost 10,000 people were still hospitalized and considered "severe" cases. Now consider that experts estimate that 40-70% of the adult population will get infected. This gives you an idea of the numbers we can expect. This virus kills slowly, but if patients don't get optimal care, it kills massively. Every outbreak out of control will overload even the best healthcare system, but it will do so incrementally, so that we don't realize it before it is too late.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">Then again, if we expand testing capacity now and make it efficient enough, we could keep this under control and have a normal life, including intense social and cultural activities, with few occasional cases that would get adequate treatment. The recent developments in mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan have shown this. And this is where we must look for solutions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">Introduction</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></h1>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">In recent weeks, we have seen the emergence of widespread misinformation about COVID-19 in the most prestigious Western media outlets. Many people with the necessary competence in this matter, like doctors, health officials, political leaders and experts watch in shock and disbelief how those experts whose voice is multiplied by the media seem to have actually given up the fight to contain the pandemic and advocate some half-hearted "mitigation" measures.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">This virus is probably more difficult to contain than any other bacteria or virus which have ever been contained successfully in the past without having either cure or vaccine. At the same time, if containment fails and it spreads through whole regions and countries, mortality will increase massively because of the huge number of cases with severe and critical pneumonia, which will also lead to the collapse of even the most efficient healthcare systems. We are talking about a probable case fatality rate of well over 5%. Even in high-income countries, this is a question of millions of deaths. Therefore, it needs to be emphasized that containment is a must and failure is not an option.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">Containment in this context does not necessarily require putting entire cities under lockdown, as it happened in Wuhan, China. It simply means to take the necessary measures in order to prevent the spreading of the virus. If successful, each local outbreak, after an initial increase in the number of infected people, will see a flattening out of the number of new cases. Even if it is not necessarily possible to fully eradicate the illness, this will maintain the number of cases permanently at a low level. We will see that in most cases, that goal can be achieved large-scale testing and efficient contact tracing of infected people, combined with individual quarantine measures. Another approach is mitigation, where the hope to contain the virus is given up and the virus stops spreading when it runs out of people it can infect while efforts focus on providing care for those who need it.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">At this point it is paramount to learn about everything we know from China’s experience. The Chinese approach has clearly demonstrated that containing the outbreak of COVID-19 is possible. The </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="http://www.nhc.gov.cn/xcs/yqtb/list_gzbd.shtml" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">number</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> of daily confirmed new cases outside of Hubei province have remained consistently below 10 between Feb. 27 and March 3, after a maximum of more than 700 per day between Feb. 2 and Feb. 5. New daily cases in hardest hit Hubei province have hovered around 300-600 between Feb. 23 and Feb. 29 and below 200 between March 1 and March 3, after a maximum of more than 2000 per day between Feb. 2 and Feb. 10. This shows that even in the most unfavorable case where the virus could spread unimpeded until it was recognized as a deadly threat and until tests were available, it is possible to limit and ultimately stop its expansion.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">It is all the more worrying that in Western countries, </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2020/03/02/azar-crosshairs-delays-coronavirus-tests-118796" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">more and more voices</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">, including from renowned experts in this field, recommend a transition from containment to mitigation, and in particular suggest the uselessness of lockdowns, travel restrictions and contact tracing, once the number of cases exceeds a certain threshold. In other words: trying to delay the outbreak, but when this becomes more difficult, simply giving up and letting the virus spread.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">Lockdowns, travel restrictions, contact tracing and mass testing: these are the measures that the Chinese authorities are using with success to contain the outbreak, after less radical measures failed to show a sufficient impact. Those who advocate the transition to mitigation ignore much of what is known from reliable sources about the virus and refuse to learn anything from the valuable experience acquired by Chinese authorities and health workers. This is not to say China offers a ready-made blueprint that other countries should simply copy. But not learning in detail from China’s success would be irresponsible.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">We only have to look at the terrible situation in Wuhan, where the epidemic started. Before efficient measures were taken, roughly 0.5% of the population was infected. Due to the high number of pneumonias caused by the virus and speed of distribution, the local healthcare system collapsed. Chinese social media and numerous Western media reports describe the terrible ordeal that sick persons and their families as well as health workers went through. Now imagine Western countries have to face a situation in which the rate of infection is multiplied by 10 or 50, and you get an idea of what Western experts consider unavoidable and acceptable.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">The Chinese authorities on the mainland have never given up to contain the virus, and even under the most difficult circumstances, they got it done albeit accepting high economic losses. To this purpose, they implemented not only broad measures like lockdowns of whole cities, travel restrictions, extension of school holidays and confined 100s of millions to their apartments. China’s approach does not only consist of these draconian measures. It also includes large-scale contact using both labor-intensive traditional methods and big data based AI. Combined with a massive number of lab tests of everybody with the slightest cold and of the huge number of people revealed by extensive contact tracing, they got the outbreak under control. Similar in </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.scmp.com/topics/coronavirus-outbreak" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">Hong Kong</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">: through its geographical proximity with the mainland and its status as international transport hub. It was at high risk and has seen many cases, but less than most Chinese provinces and has been able to detect and contain each one of them before it spread through community transmission using much less severe measures. The same is true of </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2762689" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">Taiwan</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">. All three of them could draw on their experience with the SARS crisis in 2003, which was caused by another type of coronavirus. It is terrible to see that in Western countries, neither experts nor media are willing to learn from this valuable experience, and even deny to report adequately about it.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">We argue that by looking at all the available information it becomes obvious that a well-organized and efficient effort can contain each single outbreak with relatively non-invasive measures like efficient large scale contact tracing, systematic testing and individual quarantines. Once these measures are in place, normal life is possible and even mass events can be held without having to fear a massive outbreak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">This article first scrutinizes problematic aspects of Western mainstream expert and media discourse. Western media reporting unfortunately buried the most important news from China. In a second step, we explain why the discourse described in the first step is so problematic and would necessarily lead to a horrendous disaster if government approaches remain uninformed by what we can learn from China’s failure and success.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">1. Western expert and media discourse regarding COVID-19<o:p></o:p></span></b></h1>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">The worrying evolution in Western public discourse started with several articles written by or based on the works of psychologists and sociologists who claim that for a variety of reasons, the new Coronavirus triggered irrational panic reactions which are not justified by the facts we know. Whereas </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.marketwatch.com/story/5-reasons-coronavirus-fears-are-overblown-and-14-stocks-to-buy-now-2020-01-28" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">some</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.businessinsider.sg/wuhan-coronavirus-unnecessary-panic-experts-say-2020-1" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">stuck</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> to the facts known at the time of writing, others were much more problematic. An </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.wired.com/story/opinion-we-should-deescalate-the-war-on-the-coronavirus/" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">article in Wired</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> not only hypothetically underestimates [see an in-depth analysis below] the fatality rate we must expect: "The coronavirus may be broadly comparable in risk to a bad seasonal influenza, or, at worst, the 1918 influenza pandemic." It also casts serious doubt about the potential efficiency of any action which might be taken: "The third response was to engage in action, however pointless, intended to “do something” about the threat." Another </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/13/world/asia/coronavirus-risk-interpreter.html" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">piece by the New York Times</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> is even more problematic. At first, we find a similar hypothetical underestimation of the fatality rate: "There remains deep uncertainty about the new coronavirus' mortality rate, with the high-end estimate that it is up to 20 times that of the flu, but some estimates go as low as 0.16 percent for those affected outside of China’s overwhelmed Hubei province. About on par with the flu." A few lines below, this information is then again distorted: "While the metrics of public health might put the flu alongside or even ahead of the new coronavirus for sheer deadliness […]." The whole article then characterizes those who are alarmed by the virus as "unconsciously" using "mental shortcuts", as acting according to their "instincts", as being "conditioned", etc. Now that the situation in Italy preoccupies the whole world, at least two </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/italy-shows-just-how-crazy-coronavirus-panic-can-get" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">similar</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> and </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://jacobinmag.com/2020/02/coronavirus-outbreak-italy-face-masks-panic-milan-fashion-week-lega" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">articles</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> have been published denouncing "panic reactions" with regards to this country.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">More recently, renowned experts in virology and epidemiology have tuned in with another message, namely that the spreading of the virus to a major part of the world population could not be avoided anyway. One major public face is Marc Lipsitch, Professor of Epidemiology at Harvard. He is quoted in </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-many-people-might-one-person-with-coronavirus-infect-11581676200" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">various</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2020/02/covid-vaccine/607000/" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">press</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://thehill.com/changing-america/well-being/prevention-cures/482794-officials-say-the-cdc-is-preparing-for" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">articles</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> as claiming that a "global pandemic of coronavirus, with 40 to 70 percent of the world's population likely to be infected this year" has become "likely" (this quote from The Hill on Feb. 15). Various experts are quoted in the articles above and elsewhere with similar predictions. It seems quite difficult to imagine how this could happen if tough and efficient measures like those implemented in China prevent the virus from spreading. In fact, this discourse is generally combined with calls to relax or give up containment measures like tracking contacts of infected people, lockdowns and quarantine measures once the number of cases has exceeded a certain threshold.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">At first, such calls could be found mostly on social media. On Feb. 14, Marc Lipsitch posted the following in </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://twitter.com/mlipsitch/status/1228381338882854912" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">two consecutive tweets</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> on his 18.6k followers account:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">Equally important, as @CDCDirector has implied and PM of Singapore has stated, it may get beyond the stage of individual cases […] at which point will have to shift to mitigation rather than containment, and we must make sure that restrictions on travel, quarantine, and the like do not outlast their usefulness -- they are costly to individuals, families and economies and shd only be used as long as justified<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">On Feb. 23, in another </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://twitter.com/mlipsitch/status/1231637890221912064" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">tweet</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> he called an </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://virologydownunder.com/past-time-to-tell-the-public-it-will-probably-go-pandemic-and-we-should-all-prepare-now/" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">article</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> featuring risk communication experts Peter Sandman and Jody Lanard "must read" and quoted in particular the second paragraph below with the mention "I wish that I had written this paragraph":<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">We are near-certain that the desperate-sounding last-ditch containment messaging of recent days is contributing to a massive global misperception about the near-term future.[…]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">But the P[andemic] word alone won't help the public understand what's about to change: the end of most quarantines, travel restrictions, contact tracing, and other measures designated to keep "them" from infecting "us", and the switch to measures like cancelling mass events designed to keep us from infecting each other.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">The most alarming is the following paragraph:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">The FAQs on the Singapore Ministry of Health webpage (https://www.moh.gov.sg/covid-19/faqs) can serve as a model that other developed countries can adapt to start talking to their publics about this now, to reduce the shock and anger when governments stop trying to contain all identified cases.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">We also find the hypothetical case that the virus could actually be much less lethal than we believe now:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">Whenever we introduce the word “pandemic,” it’s important to validate that it’s a scary word – both to experts and to non-experts – because it justifiably contains the implication of something potentially really bad, and definitely really disruptive, for an unknown period of time. This implication is true and unavoidable, even if the overall pattern of disease ends up being mild, like the 2009-10 “swine flu” pandemic.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">It clearly characterizes the unchecked large scale spreading of the virus as a certainty:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">One horrible effect of this continued “stop the pandemic” daydream masquerading as a policy goal: It is driving counter-productive and outrage-inducing measures by many countries against travelers from other countries, even their own citizens back from other countries. But possibly more horrible: The messaging is driving resources toward “stopping,” and away from the main potential benefit of containment – slowing the spread of the pandemic and thereby buying a little more time to prepare for what’s coming.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">The problem is not that these voices try to prepare their audience for a spreading of the virus to many other countries and regions. This is what is actually happening, and we must prepare for this. The problem is that they recommend giving up on contact tracing and other case-based measures like isolation and quarantine, when these are absolutely necessary to contain the virus and keep the number of cases low, as the example of China has shown. Many other experts, like Swiss epidemiologist Christian Althaus, has tuned in to this irresponsible discourse in an interview with </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.nzz.ch/schweiz/experte-zum-corona-ausbruch-man-muss-jetzt-nicht-die-halbe-schweiz-unter-quarantaene-stellen-ld.1542713" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">Swiss daily newspaper NZZ</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">Marc Lipsitch explains his concept of containment versus mitigation quite well in a </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://threadreaderapp.com/thread/1231425805898657795.html" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">series of tweets</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> from Feb. 23 which can most conveniently be read in a tweet thread utility:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">2. Among the temporary countermeasures, some (case-based) depend on identifying cases and reducing their transmission (treatment, isolation, quarantine) and some don't (general social distancing, cancelling gatherings, encouraging cough hygiene/handwashing, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">Case-based interventions work best if the identifiably sick people are also the only or the main transmitters. They worked really well in SARS (2003), we think, b/c infectious people were all or almost all sick enough to be identifiable as cases.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">For SARS-CoV-2 (#COVID19) it seems clear from individual well-documented cases that people can transmit before symptoms (or before they are distinctive enough to prompt suspicion of CoV infection) and that pre-symptomatic people shed virus (evidence from evacuation flights)[…]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">In sum, looks like case-based interventions for this infection will be partially effective but may not bring R-effective below 1 (R-effective or R_e is the average number of secondary cases from each primary case, which must be <1 to control the epidemic locally)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">3. Among the non-case-based interventions, what is likely to work? This is perhaps the hardest to answer with a virus we don't yet understand well. Some have interpreted the decline in reported cases following "lockdowns" in China as evidence that these reduce transmission.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">That may be the case, but some of us are skeptical that the reported case numbers in China reflect the true numbers -- because ability to get to health care, get tested, and get a positive test may be limiting. IMO this is an open question.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">It seems likely these restrictions are reducing transmission somewhat, but how much is unclear. If presymptomatic transmission (more generally, transmission from individuals who aren't readily identified as cases) is common, then a relevant comparison is pandemic flu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">It is obvious from this and </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://threadreaderapp.com/thread/1228373884027592704.html?refreshed=1582681665" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">another thread</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> that Lipsitch's knowledge about the situation in China is incomplete. This is probably the case with many other experts in this field. It can explain a major part of misunderstandings about the virus itself. And yet, finding information about the situation and measures taken in China is not difficult, even without speaking Chinese. The Global Times tends to have a shrill propaganda drum beat, but their </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1177737.shtml" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">Real-time update on coronavirus outbreak</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> is a valuable resource that sums up the main official statements. In addition, Western and Chinese English language media, especially the stellar reporting by </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="http://www.caixin.com/?HOLDZH" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">Caixin</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> and </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.scmp.com/" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">South China Morning Post</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">, and academic papers provide detailed information.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">First of all, experts such as Marc Lipsitch are wrong in believing that China has taken only non-case based measures. Of course, lockdowns of whole cities and provinces are not case-based. However, it was apparently clear to the Chinese leadership that this alone would not suffice. Right from the start, they did everything they could to increase contact tracing, testing and treatment capacity, with success. Except in Hubei province, most of the tough restrictions have been lifted, with only moderate prevention, efficient testing and contact tracing measures in place, and the number of cases has stayed very low. </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://threadreaderapp.com/thread/1228373884027592704.html?refreshed=1582681665" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">Another thread</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> reveals that Lipsitch seems unaware of this, and that the virus can successfully be contained without permanent tough measures like lockdowns and travel restrictions, as cautiously optimistic experts in China note.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">Right from the start, many experts and media framed news about China as condescending narrative regarding Chinese government, often based on nonsensical arguments and some voicing open racism. For example, the quarantine on Wuhan and Hubei province was criticized by many media outlets, with here an excerpt from an <u>article in the </u></span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/22/world/asia/coronavirus-quarantines-history.html" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">New York Times</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">James G. Hodge Jr., director of the Center for Public Health Law and Policy at Arizona State University, said the shutdown would almost certainly lead to human rights violations and would be patently unconstitutional in the United States.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">“It could very easily backfire,” he said, adding that the restrictions could prevent healthy people from fleeing the city, perhaps exposing them to greater risk of infection. “In general, this is risky business.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">It would have been appropriate for a health expert to point out that at that time, and until now, the huge problem is precisely to know who is "healthy" and who has already been infected, at a stage when even a lab test might not yet be positive. At the moment when this lockdown was imposed and when this article was written, it was not possible yet to test all those with severe symptoms, not to forget those with mild symptoms, or those who would have liked to leave the city.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">The argument that Chinese official figures cannot be trusted or don't give us the whole picture is advanced by many experts and media reports. This skepticism is of course understandable. Yet, with all communications between governments, the WHO mission and the daily numbers provided by Chinese authorities alongside with media reporting the situation was much more transparent than the usual narrative suggests. We will see below to what extent this skepticism has prevented authorities and experts around the world from learning the crucial lessons from China's fight against the virus, and to what extent this mistrust is actually unjustified. For example, Didier Pittet, professor at the University Hospital Geneva and WHO expert, wrote the following in an </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.letemps.ch/suisse/didier-pittet-covid19-ny-aucune-raison-salarmer" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">op-ed</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> on Feb. 26 in the Swiss daily newspaper Le Temps:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">There are today 78,000 confirmed cases in China, but the true number is probably 300,000 to 500,000. This means that the fatality rate is overrated in China, because primarily only the most severe cases are tested, but 80% of infected cases are mild. </span><span lang="FR-CH" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">[Il y a aujourd’hui 78 000 cas répertoriés en Chine, mais le nombre réel est probablement de 300 000 à 500 000. Cela signifie que le taux de mortalité est surévalué en Chine, car on ne teste avant tout que les cas les plus sévères. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">Or, 80% des cas infectés sont bénins.]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">Ironically, Pittet’s analysis, which is in line with many other epidemiologists, was published the day after the </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-audio-emergencies-coronavirus-press-conference-aylwardb-25feb2020-final.pdf?sfvrsn=9d732ce3_0" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">WHO Feb. 25 press briefing</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">, where Bruce Aylward stated that the Chinese figures were reliable and that in particular there was no evidence for any significant number of undetected mild or asymptotic cases. Pittet's op-ed might have been sent in before this statement, but we will see that such a hypothetical inflation of the "true number" of cases was unrealistic even before. Such overestimations of total case numbers have contributed in several </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/live-updates/coronavirus-china-outbreak-death-toll-infections-latest-updates-2020-02-18/" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">other</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51540981" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">articles</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> to the underestimation of the severity of the virus, leading to the suggestion of giving up on containment. Marc Lipsitch's colleague Michael Mina, Assistant Professor of Epidemiology at Harvard, uses a very similar argumentation in a </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://twitter.com/michaelmina_lab/status/1228383692847972352" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">tweet</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> to his 5k followership:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">The 2% [fatality rate] is going to come down significantly once very mild and asymptomatic cases (likely the vast majority of cases if we could measure them) are taken into account.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">Why virologists assume that the case fatality rate is much lower than it seems now is exemplified by Germany’s leading SARS-expert, Christian Drosten. As Prof Drosten explains, he does not trust Chinese data set and excludes them alongside with data from Iran and Italian when he calculates the </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.ndr.de/nachrichten/info/podcast4684.html" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">“real” fatality rate</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">. As we will see, Dorsten’s assumptions though seemingly plausible contradict what we actually know from China.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">The most extreme underestimation of the fatality rate was provided by Maria Rita Gismondo, the director of the biology laboratory in the University Hospital of Milano responsible for doing the lab tests required by the present outbreak in northern Italy. In a Facebook post, which she has since deleted, she complains that she has had hardly any sleep for the last couple of days due to all the tests, in order to contain an outbreak which was hardly more severe than a flu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">To me, this seems madness. You took an infection which is hardly more serious than a flu for a deadly pandemic! </span><span lang="FR-CH" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">[A me sembra una follia. Si è scambiata un'infezione appena più seria di un'influenza per una pandemia letale.]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">On Twitter, her post found almost universal support, as a Twitter search shortly afterwards revealed; the same is true for some </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.liberoquotidiano.it/news/italia/13567127/coronavirus-maria-rita-gismondo-veri-numeri-morti-lombardia-ospedale-sacco.html" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">media</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.huffingtonpost.it/entry/il-direttore-del-laboratorio-dellospedale-sacco-scambiata-influenza-per-pandemia-mi-sembra-una-follia_it_5e525423c5b6b82aa6544246" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">reports</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">. </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.repubblica.it/cronaca/2020/02/23/news/coronavirus_scienziati_burioni_gismondo_capua-249384299/" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">In</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.lastampa.it/cronaca/2020/02/23/news/coronavirus-la-direttrice-del-laboratorio-di-analisi-dell-ospedale-sacco-non-e-pandemia-mi-sembra-follia-1.38506371" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">some</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.corriere.it/salute/malattie_infettive/20_febbraio_23/coronavirus-direttrice-laboratorio-sacco-non-esagerate-state-calmi-follia-che-fara-male-72442dca-562d-11ea-b447-d9646dbdb12a.shtml" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">others</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">, she was harshly criticized, in particular by Roberto Burioni, a colleague of hers from the same city. But even he draws a picture of the virus which is much less alarming than what the information from China tell us.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">By now, if you don't know what you should think about the present article, just might ask some Chinese friends or colleagues to read it in front of you and watch how they are </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.stuttgarter-zeitung.de/inhalt.umgang-mit-coronavirus-chinesen-verstehen-deutsche-behoerden-nicht.1a3d80d5-2754-4e8e-bc9e-abaa4686a735.html" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">in shock and disbelief</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> after reading up to here.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">Kai Kupferschmidt, a journalist working for various newspapers and magazines, combines many of the questionable arguments listed above in an </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/02/mission-impossible-who-director-fights-prevent-pandemic-without-offending-china" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">article in Science Magazine from Feb. 10</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">For some, that strategy verges on appeasement. For instance, [WHO Director-General] Tedros [Adhanom Ghebreyesus] has joined the Chinese government in criticizing other countries for closing their doors to travelers from China, but has remained silent about the fact that China has closed off entire cities and penned in tens of millions of people, a measure some scientists believe may not help much and infringes on basic human rights. “I absolutely believe these measures should be called out, both for their human rights implication and their very limited public health impact,” says Alexandra Phelan, a global health law expert at Georgetown’s Center for Global Health Science and Security. But, she adds, China’s cooperation is so critical that she can see why Tedros might not speak out. “I just worry what it means going forward.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">The WHO indeed did not speak out against China's policies. Is this because the WHO did not have the courage to do so? Or because China's policies were actually highly efficient, as the WHO repeatedly stated, e.g. during the </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/transcripts/who-audio-emergencies-coronavirus-full-press-conference-18feb2020-final.pdf?sfvrsn=5209d6c3_2" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">WHO Feb. 18 press briefing</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">? Here is the exact wording:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">You can argue whether those measures are excessive or whether they're restrictive on people but there's a lot at stake here, there's an awful lot at stake here in terms of public health and in terms of not only the public health of China but of all people in the world. So what we like to see is well-thought-out evidence-based public health measures that pay due respect for people's individual liberty and individual human rights and finding that balance is sometimes difficult but right now the strategic and tactical approach in China is the correct one.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">To know whether the various experts and journalists quoted above are right or whether their view is problematic, we need to take a look at what an analysis of the most reliable sources about COVID-19 can tell us. It is not claimed that the analysis below represents the ultimate wisdom in this matter; however, crucial information is virtually absent from the Western expert and media discourse. This lack of knowledge is critical to plan adequate regional and national strategies against the virus presently spreading to other countries.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">2. An extremely lethal virus; failure is not an option<o:p></o:p></span></b></h1>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">Let us first deal with the question of the lethality of the virus. Most experts provide estimates ranging from roughly 2% to a little more than 0.1%; the latter would roughly be equal to the fatality rate of a bad flu season.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">It is crucial to understand the impact of having a major number of COVID-19 infections within the population. This is probably the single most important reason for the presently inadequate media reporting. According to the </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="http://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/id/e53946e2-c6c4-41e9-9a9b-fea8db1a8f51" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">latest large scale study of patients in China</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">, a little more than 80% of the infected people develop no or only mild symptoms like headache, a sore throat or a mild pneumonia, but around 15% or somewhat less will develop a severe pneumonia. Roughly 3% of infected people will get into a critical condition but survive and 1-2% will eventually die (see below for a more detailed discussion of the case fatality rate).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">This means that one out of five patients requires medical attention. What this implies to the medical system can be seen in Wuhan. Before it became clear that the virus was a deadly threat whose spread can only be stopped through the toughest measures, the virus could spread almost unimpeded for roughly two months. As a result, for a few weeks, before massive help from outside of Wuhan could be organized, the healthcare system in Wuhan collapsed. Even patients with severe pneumonia could not be admitted to hospitals and were sent home.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">The overwhelming of Wuhan’s quite modern health system can only be understood if we realize what is required to provide care to patients infected with the virus. In the case of COVID-19, all the people in contact with the patients must be qualified health workers wearing full personal protection equipment, and even if all the procedures are followed by qualified experts, infection remains still a risk. The fact that on the Diamond Princess cruise ship, </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/22/world/asia/coronavirus-japan-cruise-ship.html" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">six Japanese health ministry officials</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> and a </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://eu.usatoday.com/story/travel/cruises/2020/02/19/coronavirus-deaths-two-diamond-princess-passengers-die/4815851002/" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">paramedic from the fire department</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> were recently infected shows this very clearly, in addition to all the health workers who got infected by SARS and COVID-19 even when wearing full protection equipment. Simply instructing non-experts to wear protection equipment when they don't have a solid training in how a virus is transmitted will thus still multiply the number of infected health workers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">The care for patients with severe cases of pneumonia is even more demanding; only a fraction of all doctors and nurses are qualified and experienced for some of the required tasks. Others can of course be trained. But this takes time. The necessary equipment is also a limiting factor. For example, patients with shortness of breath, a common symptom with COVID-19, are usually treated with an oxygen mask, which requires important quantities of oxygen. Even in a major industrial power like China, the supply for medical oxygen quickly became problematic, even though the virus had only spread very partially in one major city, and on a much smaller scale to other provinces. Patients in critical conditions often require intubation for invasive mechanical ventilation, the aspiration of liquid which has accumulated in the lungs, or surgery to install a drain in case of a pneumothorax, which require specialized experts and even more specific equipment. In the worst case, if the lung is unable to provide enough oxygen to the body despite all possible technical assistance, ECMO machines can simply replace the heart and lungs for some time by pumping newly oxygenated blood through the body. However, only a limited number of such machines is available. If the kidneys stop working, dialysis can replace them, but here again, capacity is certainly limited.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">When looking at the situation in Wuhan, it is obvious that only massive material support and men power </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1177737.shtml" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">from the rest of China</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> could allow the healthcare system to increase its capacity to the point where it could quarantine all the suspected and confirmed cases and provide care to those in need. As of Feb. 20, 11,000 severe cases needed specialized care in Wuhan. Handling such a situation would have been impossible without both military and civilian medical teams, the first of which came to the rescue of the city by Jan. 24, and a huge amount of additional equipment, among which 81 ECMO machines. Private initiatives have donated and delivered thousands of additional respiratory machines. As of Feb. 22, more than 38,000 health workers from all over the country had been sent to Hubei province. To this, we have to add massive logistical help including construction workers to build and equip whole new hospitals and even more quarantine facilities for mild cases. Bruce Aylward, the expert who had led the WHO mission to China, </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-audio-emergencies-coronavirus-press-conference-aylwardb-25feb2020-final.pdf?sfvrsn=9d732ce3_0" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">reported when he was back in Geneva</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> And I think people were also looking sometimes at this and saying, but in China, they don’t have this, they don’t have that. If I had COVID-19 I’d want to be treated in China. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">We’d go into these hospitals and how many ventilators [i.e. machines to do mechanical ventilation of the lung in case of respiratory distress] do you have? 50, 60. Just a scale we’re not used to thinking of. And then you’d ask how many ECMO systems do you have? And I thought, seriously, you’re going to ask about ECMO? Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, when the lungs simply, even if you ventilate, aren’t going to get enough oxygen. And the place would say five. And I remember being with Tim from the Robert Koch Institute, five in one hospital? We don’t have that in Europe. And we’re using three of them to… And we said, do people come on them? Yes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> So, when we look at how dangerous this disease is, I think we have to be careful looking at the China data, because China knows how to keep people alive from COVID, they’re super committed to it, and they’re making a massive investment in it as well. That’s not going to be the case everywhere in the world. And as you’ve seen, we have tragically lost people, people in G7 countries are dying of this disease. So, it is a serious disease and I worry sometimes that if we look at the China numbers, people are going to get a false sense of security. These people know and they care about keeping these people alive, and they do it successfully. They’re really good at it. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">Actually, the first of a whole series of temporary hospitals in Hubei province, run by a crew from Shanxi province, </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202003/01/WS5e5b8bf3a31012821727b5c6.html" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">closed on March 1</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> because it had run out of patients; others will follow. Compare this to Marc Lipsitch's condescendence towards China, and the fact that he did not even care to get any detailed information about the measures taken there, and to similar attitudes from most Western experts. Especially in Wuhan, only a combination of extremely strict quarantine measures and massive outside help have prevented the situation from becoming truly apocalyptic.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">However, despite these massive efforts, according to document with official Chinese figures mentioned above, as of Feb. 11, the mortality in all of Hubei province (whose capital is Wuhan) was 2.9%, whereas for the rest of China, it was standing at 0.4%. Since then, as the number of new infection cases dropped fast, but the death toll keeps increasing, these preliminary case fatality rates (CFR) are increasing. As of March 3, </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1Z7VQ5xlf3BaTx_LBBblsW4hLoGYWnZyog3jqsS9Dbgc/htmlview?sle=true" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">CFR rates</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> are standing at 4.6% for Wuhan, 3.3% for Hubei province outside Wuhan, 0.8% for China outside Hubei, and the rates still keep increasing. Now, consider that even in Wuhan, the healthcare system collapsed only for a few weeks and had to reject patients with severe pneumonia before massive outside help set in. If, as virtually all Western experts recommend, we give up contact tracing, lockdowns, travel restrictions etc. as soon as the number of cases exceeds a certain threshold, the situation would become much worse than it has ever been in Wuhan, with no possible improvement before the end of the epidemic. In short, if China can only deal with one Wuhan, no other country can afford more.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">In Wuhan, most patients with severe cases ended up getting adequate treatment, sometimes after a few weeks without treatment, even though it was obviously not as perfect as in other less affected places. Despite this, CFR is standing at 4.4%, and still increasing. So what would be the CFR in case of a widespread epidemic in Europe or the US, without non-affected areas protected by travel restrictions able to send help, and without a radical quarantine setting in long before the epidemic had reached its natural maximum extent? And remember that in Wuhan only roughly 0.5% (!) of the population got infected, i.e. about 50,000 out of a population of 10.5 million. Without tough and successful measures to contain the virus, experts consider that 40-70% of the adult population could be infected. Remember, 20% of the infected get a severe (!) pneumonia; mild pneumonias are counted among the 80% "mild cases". The CFR would certainly rise above more than 5%, but of course, it is difficult to say how much higher. Perhaps 7% or 10% like SARS? Due to its properties the virus is perfectly adapted to a modern human society and spreads much faster than SARS, as impressively shown by an </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/world/asia/china-coronavirus-contain.html" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">article in the NYT</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> from Feb. 7. This is the reason why SARS has not overwhelmed any healthcare system through the sheer number of patients. Let us be clear about this: we don't claim that COVID-19 might have the same case fatality rate as SARS. We claim that without professional medical care (because of an overwhelmed healthcare system), COVID-19 could come much closer to the CFR of SARS with the best available care. That pathogens have a differentiated CFR in terms of locality and age group depending on the care provided to patients is too often overlooked. In the case of COVID-19, taking this into account is crucial.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">All the reliable data shows that in the case of COVID-19, the fatality rate goes up the more the number of infections increases. This is precisely the characteristic which makes this virus so dangerous. And this is why a failure to contain it is not an option. Now consider the fact that Lipsitch </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://threadreaderapp.com/thread/1228373884027592704.html?refreshed=1582681665" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">refers to data</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> from previous flu epidemics to argue that in the case of COVID-19, case fatality rate decreases with higher infection rates. Instead, the data we have from China relating to COVID-19 suggest the opposite.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">Many experts expressed the hope that the virus might mutate to become "less deadly". However, this is not more than just wishful thinking. It is also simply incorrect to claim that the virus responsible for COVID-19 could spread more easily if it were less severe. There are several cases, among which the recent outbreaks in South Korea and </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://edition.cnn.com/2020/02/25/europe/italy-coronavirus-backfoot-intl/index.html" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">Italy</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">, where the virus initially spread through hospitals. This would not be the case anymore if it mutated to become milder. Furthermore, due to a long incubation time and a long symptomatic case history, death occurs relatively late, which means that the relatively high fatality rate does not impede its propagation. In addition, the long delay between infection and eventual death makes it more difficult to evaluate the danger of this virus adequately. For all the above reasons, mutating to become milder would confer the virus no competitive advantage. Here again, experts mentioning this mechanism through which viruses are claimed to become less fierce in time is one more questionable argument which contributes to downplaying the extent of the threat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">Now, let us put the things together and have a look at what this means in the crude reality of human existence. If we take into consideration what a majority of Western experts advocate or predict, namely giving up containment in favor of mitigation, Wuhan is the place to look at. Not because in Wuhan, they gave up on containment, but because in Wuhan, until the virus was identified, recognized as deadly threat and tests were available, the virus had spread to such an extent that ultimately, 0.5% of the population got infected.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">There are numerous Western media </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/02/world/asia/china-coronavirus-wuhan.html" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">reports</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> about the terrible situation before massive help arrived from the rest of China. The following excerpt is from a </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51440129" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">BBC article</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">They were diagnosed with the novel coronavirus on 29 January, but were only admitted to a hospital three days later.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">But the hospital was so full that there were no empty beds. His grandparents had high fever and difficulty breathing, but were only offered seats in the corridor. He begged the hospital staff and he managed to get a long chair and a folding bed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">"There's no doctor or nurse in sight," Huang wrote in his diary, "Hospital without doctors is just like a graveyard."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">The night before his grandfather passed away, Huang was with his grandparents in the corridor. He kept chatting with his grandmother so that she wouldn't know that his grandfather was experiencing delirium, he says.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">A bed was finally available three hours before his grandfather died. Huang was by his bedside till the last minute.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">He wrote on Weibo, China's Twitter-like platform: "Grandpa, please rest in peace. There's no pain in heaven."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">"Many patients died without the company of family members and couldn't even get a last look at each other."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">His grandmother is battling for her life in the hospital, and he spends as much time as possible with her.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">From a </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/09/world/asia/coronavirus-family-china.html" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">New York Times article</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">Bella Zhang hung an intravenous drip on a spindly tree branch and slumped down on a large stone planter outside the crowded hospital. Her mother and brother sat wearily beside her, their shoulders sagging, both also hooked up to their own drips.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">In recent days, Ms. Zhang, 25, a perfume saleswoman with tinted blue hair, had watched helplessly as one by one, her relatives were sickened by the coronavirus that was tearing through her hometown, Wuhan. First, her grandmother got it, then it spread to her grandfather and mother. She and her younger brother were next.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">The family had pleaded for help, but the city’s hospitals, faced with an extreme shortage of beds, could not take them. On Feb. 1, Grandfather Zhang died at home.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">“They tell us to wait,” thundered Ms. Zhang’s mother, Yang Ling. She nearly ripped the intravenous needle out of her hand as she waved her arms in frustration. “But wait until when? We’ve already lost one.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">No such articles are available with regards to the present situation in Iran, but </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://twitter.com/aliostad/status/1234017568865898497" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">social media reports</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> draw a similar picture. These articles could have warned experts worldwide about the danger of health care systems collapsing if the number of cases exceeds a certain threshold. But they did not. Officials and experts outside China sound confident about the ability of their healthcare system to cope, in particular if they have got a little more time to prepare. How is it that this warning was not heard?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">One explanation for why Wuhan’s predicament has not spurred action lies in the fact that reporting has been framed as a scathing criticism of the Chinese authorities and government. Things are always presented in such a way that administrative hurdles or the lockdown imposed on Wuhan were to blame. This framing makes it too easy to discard the warning, blaming a hypothetical inefficiency of the Chinese administration and limited press freedom for all the problems.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">What should be done instead is to look at what happened in Wuhan and do the math. First rule is to calculate actual numbers instead of rates. Calculate the number of projected cases, even in optimistic scenarios stretched across two flu-seasons (pessimistic is 40-70% of adult population, provided by renowned experts); calculate the number of people with severe pneumonia who would need a hospital bed and at the very least oxygen to survive; calculate the number of hospital beds we have got, the oxygen capacity we have got; calculate expected number of the cases with critical pneumonia, where few would survive without intensive and time consuming care by medical personnel specialized in this sector. After running through these numbers you will understand what nobody wants to see right now, even though all the information is out there. At every stage of the epidemic, even in the worst case where we have got tens of thousands of cases in a country, we must still contain the virus with all the means available to <i>stop</i> the virus from spreading further.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">So, if we consider that the virus is much more deadly than virtually any expert is willing to admit, that in particular its CFR (case fatality rate) will become extremely high if the case density within the population increases, what measures should be taken? What do we know about how the virus spreads? What do we know about the measures taken in China? Which ones were crucial in stopping the outbreak, and which ones might have been excessive? Do we know for sure that China has actually been able to stop the outbreak, or do their figures not tell the (whole) truth? How will the situation likely evolve in China over the next weeks and months? What do we know from more recent outbreaks in other countries?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">3. This virus is not only deadly, but extremely contagious<o:p></o:p></span></b></h1>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">First the bad news. As the present failures to contain the virus in several high income countries show, it definitely spreads more easily than probably any pathogen humanity has been able to contain without cure or vaccine so far. Only extremely tough and well organized measures combining massive human labor with high-tech tools have been able to overcome it in China. The key message from China, however, is that <i>it can be done</i>. The good news is that, if we are willing to shed our </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.scmp.com/comment/opinion/article/3046357/trumps-campaign-against-huawei-symptom-digital-orientalism-ignoring" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">orientalist attitude</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> with regards to China, we can focus on their experience, benefit from it and use the tools they developed. This would allow us to stop the various outbreaks popping up now and in the future at a much lower financial and, more importantly, human cost.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">First of all, it is unlikely that we are able to eradicate the virus once and for all. Many experts, including from WHO, have said this, and all data coming in confirms it. Stopping an outbreak means: when cases start to multiply in a community, we take the measures to find all or almost all the cases and make sure that they get treatment if necessary and stop spreading the virus further. Finding (almost) all the cases in a community is done through contact tracing, i.e. trying to find all the people with whom the infected people were in close contact. However, there will always be cases which escape even the most sophisticated search. This means that a few weeks later, other outbreaks will pop up in the same place, or in another place, probably for a long time. We must therefore develop the tools to effectively “stop” these little sparks at the lowest possible cost according to the situation, so that we can live with these measures for years to come.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">Regarding the ease with which the virus spreads, news from China are alarming. Using high-tech contact tracing, Chinese researchers were able to trace back the precise moment when a known infected person infected another person, and in some instances relied on surveillance videos of the precise moment. If now you think that this sounds like Big Brother, then yes, that’s what we are talking about. In a country with tens of thousands of infected people, Chinese researchers were able to find several instances where they could pinpoint the moment of contagion down to a precise moment and precise location and to see it on video surveillance footage from days or weeks ago. In one case (</span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1177737.shtml" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">GT</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> 1:30 pm Feb 6), this happened when people in the street queued to buy roast duck. The video footage clearly shows the two people standing in the same queue without facemasks. Since this was the only instance of the second patient being in close contact with an infected person, they concluded that this was the moment when infection occurred. In another case (</span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1177737.shtml" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">GT</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> 10:27 am Feb 27), a woman contracted the virus just by waking past a patient in a hospital.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">This virus is not only highly lethal and extremely contagious, it also has the capability to remain hidden for a long time. The longest measured duration between infection and the first symptoms is 27 or even 38 days (</span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1177737.shtml" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">GT</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> 2:01 pm Feb 22 and </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/coronavirus-china-updates/2020/02/22/72dd19de-54ea-11ea-b119-4faabac6674f_story.html" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">Washington Post</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">). In another case, a person was tested positive after she had tested negative in eight previous tests (</span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1177737.shtml" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">GT</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> 12:26 pm Feb 25). Such cases are rare, but this will be those which escape screening and will lead to new outbreaks later on. In an </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.tagesspiegel.de/wissen/warum-covid-19-ansteckender-ist-als-sars-enorme-mengen-virus-im-oberen-rachenbereich/25588526.html" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">article</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> in the German newspaper <i>Tagesspiegel</i>, Professor and Director of the Charité Institute for Virology Christian Drosten explains why this virus is much more contagious than SARS, but also why the symptoms (or at least the first symptoms) are often hardly felt by the patients when they are already highly contagious. He provides the first mention we found of the differentiated fatality rate according to case density, leading to “people dying because they cannot get a hospital bed.” He also suggests a more recent CFR of 3-4%. Of course, after this extremely useful but also alarming information, the expert who provides it goes on explaining why we should not be overly alarmed:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">The precise CFR can only be estimated right now, because of the still incomplete available data. It is true that information from China indicates that 3-4% of the patients die. “However, this simply cannot be true”, said Drosten, because this would be a higher mortality than during the Spanish Flu in 1918, when more than 50 million people died in the world. Experts consider that many mild or asymptomatic cases were not counted. If we take this into consideration, the virologist, who emphasized that he is not an epidemiologist, estimated that the mortality is probably around 0.3%.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE-CH" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">[Wie hoch die Fallsterblichkeit ist, das lasse sich derzeit nur schätzen – aufgrund der nach wie vor nicht vollständigen Datenlage. Zwar deuten die Informationen aus China darauf hin, dass etwa drei bis vier von hundert Patienten sterben. .„Da kann etwas nicht stimmen“, sagte Drosten, denn das wäre eine höhere Sterblichkeit als bei der Spanischen Grippe von 1918, als weltweit etwa 50 Millionen Menschen starben. Experten gehen davon aus, dass sehr viele milde oder gar symptomfrei verlaufende Infektionsfälle gar nicht registriert werden. Das einberechnet, schätzte der Virologe, der extra drauf hinwies, kein Epidemiologe zu sein, auf eine Sterblichkeit von etwa 0,3 Prozent.]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">Right, so because the mortality calculated based on Chinese figures cannot be true, because it would be higher than the mortality of the Spanish Flu. This is definitely reassuring. It shows how even the few Western experts who get many facts right systematically end up finding some kind of argument to downplay the danger.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">4. Contact tracing, the modern weapon against epidemics<o:p></o:p></span></b></h1>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">Even though cases of extremely long incubation periods or of infection through very short random contacts are considered to be rare, they highlight the difficulty of finding all the “contacts” of infected people. Simply asking what people a patient has met will not do. You cannot remember all the people standing in a queue with you when buying roast duck in the street. The Chinese authorities have been massively using big data to do the most efficient contact tracing they could, and this information has been published in various Western media reports. An </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-marshals-the-power-of-its-surveillance-state-in-fight-against-coronavirus-11580831633" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">article in the Wall Street Journal</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> describes how the Chinese authorities had been able to trace back a subway ride by an infected person in order to find all those who might have been infected and several other applications. </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-audio-emergencies-coronavirus-press-conference-aylwardb-25feb2020-final.pdf?sfvrsn=9d732ce3_0" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">WHO expert Bruce Aylward</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> confirmed all of this and its importance for contact tracing:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">They are using big data and AI in places. […] And from a distance, I hadn’t appreciated that. But what they’ve done is when it came to the response, they had to manage massive amounts of data, massive numbers of contacts, because remember, they’re trying to find every case, trace every contact of 70,000 cases across vast areas and know where they were, follow them and manage all of that data. And then you’ve got to be able to map that, link it to other sources of data, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">Remember Marc Lipsitch and others above who claimed that China had taken primarily undifferentiated non-case based measures to fight against the epidemic? How can you learn from the extremely precious Chinese experience in this absolutely crucial sector when you simply deny that they even did it?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">So what are the concrete tools we can use, and how can they be applied? “Big data” and “AI” are vague concepts. What is the most precious information to perform efficient contact tracing? Without any doubt, it is constant location tracking. Most smartphones know exactly where their owners are, and many apps use this information, for example to show you where you are on a map, or to help you find restaurants around you. In many cases, your precise location is not just used by the app in your phone, it is sent to the server behind the app to help it to provide the right data to the phone.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">The server might use the location information and then discard the information, or store it permanently in a database for further use. The New York Times recently featured an </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/12/19/opinion/location-tracking-cell-phone.html" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">article about a private company</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> which collects and sells such data about millions of users in the world. The authors had gotten access to a huge dataset which contained the precise location of 12 million phone users over several months. Here is how they describe the kind of information they could extract from it:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">One search turned up more than a dozen people visiting the Playboy Mansion, some overnight. Without much effort we spotted visitors to the estates of Johnny Depp, Tiger Woods and Arnold Schwarzenegger, connecting the devices’ owners to the residences indefinitely.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">It requires little fantasy to figure out the </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://thediplomat.com/2020/02/amid-coronavirus-outbreak-chinas-government-tightens-its-grip/" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">potential for abuse</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> as we have argued elsewhere. But in the current situation </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://asiatimes.com/2020/03/china-suppressed-covid-19-with-ai-and-big-data/" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">the power of big data</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> can and must be used to save lives.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">We have now seen that this virus is not only extremely lethal, but also highly contagious, with many infected people and instances of infection being extremely difficult to detect. For all these reasons, contact tracing is absolutely crucial to stop the various outbreaks. So what would be the concrete solution? It's quite simple. State institutions need to develop an app which will track the location of every single person on the territory of the country and send this location information in real time to a central government-controlled server. This information can then be used, in combination with other information, to increase the efficiency of contact tracing. This app can also be used to send out important updates about the localized epidemic and to require personal information.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">In itself, such an app would be the least disruptive and probably most efficient measure to contain every outbreak. In none of the recent community-transmitted outbreaks in Japan, South Korea, Italy, Iran, Germany or the US, "patient zero", i.e. the person who started the outbreak in these countries, is known, and this worries every single health expert. Everybody is aware of the fact that many more undetected cases are still out there. The information that China massively used big data and AI is also out there. And each single doctor who has ever wondered where a certain patient was infected has certainly dreamed of some location tracking database with some decent AI algorithm to provide life-saving information. So why is this solution not even discussed in relation to COVID-19? In the </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.tagesspiegel.de/wissen/warum-covid-19-ansteckender-ist-als-sars-enorme-mengen-virus-im-oberen-rachenbereich/25588526.html" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">article mentioned above</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">, Prof. Christian Drosten and another expert provide some clues:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">Independently from the mortality rate, Drosten expressed hope that SARS-CoV-2 [the virus causing COVID-19] "spreads slowly enough so that we make it until the summer", i.e. a time when viruses spread less easily because of increased UV-radiation, a dryer air and the fact, that less people are crowded into badly ventilated rooms. China has "given the world a couple of weeks of additional time through a heroic epidemiological act."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">After Drosten's presentation, Osamah Hamouda, Director of the Department for epidemiology of infectious diseases at the Robert Koch-Institute, declared: "In Germany, we don't even nearly have the possibility to take the kind of measures they took in China." From all parts of the country, the central government has sent 40,000 doctors and other health workers to Wuhan within a short time span in order to get the epidemic under control. "If only the whole world was like China, I am sure that we would get the epidemic under control."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">However, this is not the case, certainly for a good number of reasons which are unrelated to the fight against epidemics. South Korea, where on Thursday alone more than 500 new cases were confirmed, but also Iran and Italy "make us worry", said the epidemiologist. Even if everything tends to indicate that an interruption of the chain of contamination outside China is not possible anymore, the Robert Koch Institute still plays the card of containment, "in order to get some additional time", said Hamouda. Every additional day gives us more time to prepare for the pandemic.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE-CH" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">[Unabhängig von der Sterberate äußerte Drosten die Hoffnung, dass sich Sars-CoV-2 „langsam genug verbreitet, dass man es bis in den Sommer“ schafft – eine Zeit, in der es die Viren aufgrund von vermehrter UV-Strahlung, Trockenheit und der Tatsache, dass sich weniger Menschen eng beieinander in schlecht belüfteten Räumen aufhalten, schwerer haben, sich zu verbreiten. China habe der Welt „sicher mehrere Wochen Zeit verschafft, und zwar durch einen heroischen epidemiologischen Akt“.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE-CH" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">In Deutschland werde es „nicht annähernd möglich sein, Maßnahmen wie in China durchzuführen“, sagte Osamah Hamouda, Abteilungsleiter Infektionsepidemiologie am Robert Koch-Institut (RKI) anschließend an Drostens Vortrag. Aus allen Teilen Chinas habe die Zentralregierung 40.000 Ärzte und anderes medizinisches Personal in kürzester Zeit nach Wuhan geschickt, um die Epidemie in den Griff zu bekommen. „Wenn die ganze Welt wie China wäre, dann bin ich mir sicher, dass wir die Epidemie eindämmen können.“<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE-CH" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">Aber das sei so nicht – und sicher auch aus guten, nicht-epidemiologischen Gründen. Südkorea, wo allein am Donnerstag über 500 Neuinfektionen festgestellt wurden, aber auch der Iran und Italien „machen uns Sorgen“, sagte der RKI-Epidemiologe. Auch wenn inzwischen alles darauf deutet, dass eine Unterbrechung der Infektionsketten außerhalb Chinas nicht mehr möglich ist – das RKI setze weiter auf Eindämmung, „um Zeit zu gewinnen“, so Hamouda. Jeder Tag mehr verschaffe Zeit, sich auf den Pandemiefall vorzubereiten.]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">Aside from the usual mistake of getting blinded by the huge numbers involved in almost anything that happens in China, this is an embarrassing confession expressed in a rather indirect way: China, through its heroic measures, has both contained the outbreak on its territory and allowed the world to gain several weeks to prepare for the pandemic. If the whole world was like China, the virus could be contained successfully on a global scale. However, because Germany is a democracy, we are not able to enforce such tough measures. Therefore, while sticking to containment measures, we already know that we will fail in containing the epidemic, but this will allow us to have more time to prepare for the worst, hoping that the summer will make it harder for the virus to spread.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">No, this is not a CCP United Front screenplay to praise the inherent advantage of communism over Western style multi-party democracy. These are two highly regarded German experts quoted in a renowned newspaper. It is now time for all those who believe in democracy to watch in shock and disbelief, not because China has achieved a successful containment through a heroic effort (this is obvious), but because too many eminent experts declare defeat in Western countries before the battle even started. It goes without saying that we reject their evaluation of the chances to successfully contain the pandemic.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">Setting up an efficient contact tracing system using location tracking and other data is not a real problem within a Western-style democracy with the corresponding rule of law. Even much tougher measures like quarantines have been imposed by both Italy and South Korea when it seemed necessary. Technically, it would be an app that all users can (or ideally must) install on their mobile phone just for the duration of the epidemic. This app continuously transmits the location and gets general or personal updates and information about policies and measures from the server. Once the epidemic is over, users simply delete the app, which would also be disabled by the server. The whole thing would be submitted to national regulations and under constant supervision of privacy protection experts who watch over this aspect in every administrative unit of our state authorities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">5. Large-scale testing and quarantine<o:p></o:p></span></b></h1>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">With this in mind, we might now turn to the extremely important topic of the combination of lockdown/quarantine/isolation and large-scale testing. Together with contact tracing, these are the basic measurements of every efficient containment plan regarding the virus. Two caveats are warranted here: first, regarding the efficiency of the various quarantine and isolation measures, everything said here must be considered preliminary. At the present stage, we don't have the necessary information to evaluate the precise contribution of each possible measure. However, the conclusion regarding testing is clear: it must be extremely massive and at the same time well-informed. Second, to understand the precision of China’s large-scale approach to testing, one has to understand first that the testing practices are embedded in a larger emerging system of health control. The CCP has mobilized existing local elements of the socialist control system across the entire nation. It has taken work units (<i>danwei</i>), housing blocks, street-level grid management (<i>she qu</i>) and combined them with the use of high tech (drones, smart traffic systems, AI, CCTV cameras, thermal scanners, mandatory health-status apps) and low-tech measures (roadblocks, sealing off of quarantined quarters, health checks at various locations etc.). This response demonstrates not only the startling surveillance power of the CCP – with the flick of a few switches, the government has been able to gather daily health data of practically every person in the country — this system also provides exact knowledge where everyone is, whether they have moved out of their apartment and compound, as well as with regards to the temperature of their bodies, and thus helps immensely to identify persons that should be tested for the virus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">So, let us first have a look at the situation where the number of cases is relatively small, like a few hundred or a few thousands for a mid-sized country of roughly 50 million people (like Korea or Italy) or an average Chinese province. This corresponds to what happened in many Chinese provinces except Hubei, and since all of them got the outbreak under control, we can use them as reference.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">One thing is the necessity of testing. We don't have official figures about how many tests were done in China as a whole. All we have got is the following </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-audio-emergencies-coronavirus-press-conference-aylwardb-25feb2020-final.pdf?sfvrsn=9d732ce3_0" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">declaration by Bruce Aylward from the WHO</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">And in one place, it might have been Guangdong, they had tested 320,000 samples for the COVID virus. 320,000 is going to give you some sense of what’s going on. And when they started the sampling of those, about 0.49% of them were positive, so less than 05%. And in the recent period, it’s something like 0.02%. So, I know everybody has been out there saying, this thing is spreading everywhere and we just can’t see it, tip of the iceberg. But the data that we do have don’t support that. What it supports is sure, there may be a few asymptomatic cases, and that probably is a real issue, but there’s not huge transmission beyond what you can actually see clinically.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">So, when they started testing, one out of 200 was positive. Recently, one in 5000. That adequately describes the effort and also suggests that the outbreak is indeed under control. We can compare these figures with other countries. As of Feb. 29, </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.gov.uk/guidance/coronavirus-covid-19-information-for-the-public" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">UK announced</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> having tested 10,483 people of which 23 were confirmed positive, a ratio of roughly 1:450. </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Society/view?articleId=182730" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">In South Korea</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">, as of Feb. 28, the number of tests was 70,940 for 2,337 cases, a ratio of 1:30. </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.ilpost.it/2020/02/25/tamponi-coronavirus-italia-regno-unito-francia/" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">In Italy</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">, as of Feb. 25, 8,600 tests were done, within the framework of an outbreak which is roughly synchronous with the outbreak in South Korea according to the number of deaths. As of Feb. 25, they had found 229 cases, which would mean a ratio of 1:40, but how is it that South Korea has found as of Feb. 28 2,337 cases, whereas Italy found 650, despite a higher number of deaths in Italy? Is the virus more lethal in Italy? And why do so many Italians test positive in foreign countries, when there are so few cases in Italy itself? The figures simply don't add up. </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://lab24.ilsole24ore.com/coronavirus/" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">By March 3</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">, the ratio of positive tests to the total number of tests had decreased to 1:10 in Italy, and even 1:7 in Lombardy, the most affected region. </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.cdt.ch/mondo/in-italia-eseguiti-8600-test-in-francia-meno-di-500-EL2397754" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">Claiming</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> that the number of cases is high in Italy because they do more tests than their neighbors is not very helpful. At the same time, the number of deaths in Italy has soared past South Korea's numbers. Italy is finding only a fraction of infected people. As a result, the virus is spreading almost unimpeded, like in Iran. At least some regions of Italy are heading towards a disaster much worse than what has ever happened in Wuhan, on par with the situation we will see in Iran.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR-CH"><a href="http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Society/view?articleId=182730" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">Japan</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">, which has confirmed community transmission, does not even do 100 tests per day, when South Korea is doing 7.500, according to a Japanese TV channel quoted by korea.net. </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-in-us.html" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">In the US</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">, as of Feb. 29, 472 tests were made, for 15 positive results (not included cases repatriated from foreign countries), a ratio of 1:30. The fact that community transmission seems to be ongoing for weeks </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/01/world/coronavirus-news.html" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">in Washington State</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> and Illinois has been revealed not by specific testing for </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">the virus responsible for COVID-19</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">, but by a standard flu monitoring test. This comes amid </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-gags-top-us-coronavirus-official-history-censoring-science-2020-2?r=US&IR=T" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">reports</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> that National Institutes of Health official Anthony Fauci was muzzled by the Trump administration.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">The number of tests, or its ratio to the number of positive results, draws only an extremely incomplete picture. The related policy is another important factor and the ease for people to get tested. In China, tests are not only free, people are actively encouraged and in fact forced by law under threat of penalty to come forward as soon as they feel the slightest symptoms of a cold. Few local authorities pay people with symptoms or any suspicion of contact to get tested (</span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1177737.shtml" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">GT</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> 9:56 am Feb 27 and 1:44 pm Feb 9).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">In contrast, we find </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.rbb24.de/panorama/beitrag/2020/02/italien-rueckkehrer-corona-verdacht-berlin.html" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">numerous</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.stuttgarter-zeitung.de/inhalt.umgang-mit-coronavirus-chinesen-verstehen-deutsche-behoerden-nicht.1a3d80d5-2754-4e8e-bc9e-abaa4686a735.html" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">media</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.haz.de/Hannover/Aus-der-Stadt/Ehepaar-mit-Corona-Verdacht-in-Hannover-Niemand-wollte-uns-testen" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">reports</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.castedduonline.it/cagliari-mio-marito-con-febbre-e-tosse-dopo-un-viaggio-nel-nord-italia-impossibile-fare-il-test-del-coronavirus/" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">from</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> several Western countries, where people with well-founded suspicions that they might have COVID-19 were unable to find an institution which accepted to test them. A patient in the US who tried to get tested and was ultimately tested positive </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/northern-californian-tests-positive-for-coronavirus-in-first-us-case-with-no-link-to-foreign-travel/2020/02/26/b2088840-58fb-11ea-9000-f3cffee23036_story.html" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">had to wait for four days</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> because she did not "meet the criteria". In an extreme case in the US, a patient was ultimately found positive for the flu virus, not for COVID-19, but because he said he suspected that he was infected with COVID-19, he had to pay more than $3000 out of his pocket because the test was done under quarantine conditions. If he had not first asked to get a flu test, they would have done a CT scan first, with certainly a much higher cost.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">Making the test free for everybody, automatically including highly vulnerable groups, scaling up the testing capacity and inviting all those with even specific symptoms to get tested are absolute preconditions for being able to detect and then contain every local outbreak. If we wait until a case of severe pneumonia seeks medical attention or somebody dies from the new coronavirus, it is too late: too many people with mild symptoms are already out there spreading the virus. Yes, in early March, with many people having the flu or a simple cold, this means performing tens of thousands of tests each day and there is the problem of false positives, or even hundreds of thousands. But this is still much easier and cheaper than not doing it.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">Moreover, we can already assert with high certainty from the Chinese experience that to put in place massive testing is far from enough. Many people with no or extremely mild symptoms will not come forward, but they might be contagious. When somebody tests positive, what do we do? Manual contact tracing, as it is done in Western countries, is of course absolutely necessary, but this will not allow us to trace back all the possibly infected people, as we have seen above. China's Guangdong province, the ratio tests to positive results was 200:1 during the growth phase and 5000:1 in the late phase. A big data driven tool to detect potential contact people is indispensable to reach a higher number of possibly infected people. We must also put this into perspective with the total population. Guangdong province has got roughly a population of 110 million. 320,000 tests represent one for 300 people. It would have been impossible to test the whole population. Therefore, testing a great number of even relatively improbable contact persons is extremely important.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">The second question is what we do when we find confirmed cases, and also what we do with contact persons of the infected. In the very first phase of each outbreak, authorities tended to send infected people who did not require hospital care home. Before the large-scale all-out effort in Wuhan to curb the epidemic started, there was simply no other option at hand. Since then, they have not only expanded hospital capacity in Wuhan for severe cases, they have also improvised to set up a huge number of quarantine facilities in appropriated hotels, schools, sport stadiums and so forth, one type for those tested positive and another type for "suspected" cases, i.e. cases which were in contact with confirmed cases, but have not (yet) tested positive. For example, a few days ago, when one case was discovered in an office tower in Beijing (</span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1177737.shtml" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">GT</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> 12:00 pm Feb 27), all the employees were tested, nine more tested positive, and 178, even though they tested negative, were sent to quarantine facilities for "suspected" cases, where they will be tested repeatedly. As mentioned above, one "suspected" person in a quarantine facility was tested eight times negative before testing positive.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">If we look at how European countries handle the still relatively small outbreaks, it seems that they walk down a road towards disaster. In many cases, even infected people who don't require hospital care are simply being sent home. Quarantining "suspected cases", i.e. contact persons which did not test positive, is unheard of in Europe. As we saw above, even for people who wanted to get tests for good reasons, often enough there was simply no way.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">And then there is the question of how measures are actually implemented. The case of the Diamond Princess Cruise ship docked in Yokohama, Japan illustrates this. When it was known that one patient who had already disembarked several days before had been tested positive, the Japanese authorities imposed a 14-day quarantine on the ship, started to test everybody on board and took all those who tested positive out to a hospital. In other words, they did everything right. And yet, three weeks later, more than 700 people on board the ship have been tested positive, at least one after returning to their home country. The problem was not the measures taken, it was more about how those were implemented. </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/victoriaforster/2020/02/20/the-diamond-princess-has-become-a-floating-viral-incubator-what-can-scientists-learn-from-the--coronavirus-stricken-cruise-ship/#7d1b03585671" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">Media</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/22/world/asia/coronavirus-japan-cruise-ship.html" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">reports</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> have revealed extreme shortcomings.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">The case of the Diamond Princess also shows something else. The passengers on this ship were all relatively wealthy, had a level of education above the average, they were well aware of the danger and had been timely informed, and they had access to internet and nothing to do during the quarantine. Many of them spent a lot of time looking for information about the virus and about the best way to protect themselves. Still, almost one in four were infected. It is obvious that there was not much they could do. A virus like this can be contained only by well-organized and efficient action by authorities. Our media dream of informing the public being the solution to every problem is misleading. Informing the public is extremely important, but if it is done with a constant hostility against efficient and decisive action by the authorities, it will certainly not work. If we put all this together, it becomes obvious that the US, Japan and Iran have all given up on containing the virus and are heading for the most horrendous scenario, many times worse than what we could see at any time in Wuhan, this time not in one city, but possibly throughout the entire territory.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">Remember Ms. Maria Rita Gismondo from the biology laboratory in Milano where all the provincial testing is done? She is certainly not to blame for being exhausted after a few weeks. Nor are the doctors and nurses in the hospitals in Wuhan who had to refuse many patients who urgently needed care. People can only work the whole day and part of the night. All of them did that. Organizational problems must be solved at a much higher level. No matter whether we talk about a city where 0.5% of the population was infected before it was clear what happened and the necessary tools were available, or whether a lab must get the necessary support to conduct tens of thousands of tests per day, efficient action must come from higher up. The problem is that in Europe, we had all the information for several weeks now, which was simply not the case in Wuhan. China’s failure and success provides everything we now need to know. And yet, few in Western countries seem aware of the fact that the existing labs, hospitals and quarantine facilities don't have the required capacity. Everywhere, capacities are far below what we need even in the best of cases that it would be laughable if millions of lives were not at stake.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">Especially with regards to testing capacity and the related policies, this is absurd. With adequate time for preparation, these tests can be conducted at a large scale in a perfectly cost-optimized way. PCR machines and competent operators are available in sufficiently large number in every single Western country. It has also been known for quite some time now that throat swabs are equivalent or even better than collecting liquid from the lung for these tests, and this is how they do it on a huge scale in China, with obvious success. Precious time has been wasted and Western countries are unprepared. They lack the necessary capacity to put an end to the pandemic when it could otherwise be done relatively fast. The same is true for setting up the data infrastructure required to make the testing as efficient as possible, in particular location tracking. If we look at all we know, there is one main reason for this delay: the habitual arrogance towards China, which has prevented Western leaders, experts and media benefiting from China's experience in containing the virus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">6. Debates about cancelling mass events<o:p></o:p></span></b></h1>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">In their recent reaction to the flaring up of cases, many Western governments have taken strict measures to ban mass events, in line with the recommendations of most experts. With regards to the initial response to the epidemic in Wuhan, the local authorities have also been harshly criticized for holding a huge banquet for 40,000 people a few days before announcing that the virus was spreading from human to human, and putting the whole city in lockdown three days later.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">Banning mass events is certainly not a bad thing but we must put this into perspective. If we take the example of Wuhan, what is the biggest mass event? It's the Wuhan subway, which puts in close contact more than 3 million passengers each day. A Chinese style banquet is not at all similar to the Oktoberfest in Munich, as the readers familiar with China might know. Banquets in China generally consist in round tables for ten people, with open space between the tables. One characteristic of the virus is that it does not travel far through the air. Contamination can be very fast, but only at a short distance. When taking the subway, an infected person will therefore most likely infect more people than when taking part in a banquet. Now consider that more than three million take the subway daily, and probably an even larger number travel by bus. Canceling a banquet would have made no difference at all.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">The importance of understanding the specifics about the situation in Wuhan shows that if the efficient detection of relatively small outbreaks fails, it is illusory to think that we can limit spreading within the community through cancelling sporting and cultural mass events. Especially in large cities, without the mass transport system, economic life becomes almost impossible because people simply cannot get to work. It is therefore a question of <i>either</i> taking rather symbolic measures and rely on case-based measures (massive testing and contact tracing), <i>or</i> imposing an almost total lockdown (see below).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">Preventing the massive spreading of the virus in the mass transportation system is probably the most difficult task of all, especially with a virus where two people standing close to each other for a few seconds is enough for transmission. Preventing transmission from happening is probably impossible. The only way of containing each outbreak will be to trace all the even highly improbable occasions of possible transmission and to inform and repeatedly test all the possible victims. Here again, it boils down to massive testing and location tracking.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">7. Total lockdown<o:p></o:p></span></b></h1>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">The considerations above apply only to places where the case density is still relatively low. In the case of Wuhan, it was too late to solve the problem in this way. The Chinese authorities imposed a total lockdown not only on Wuhan, but (often to a lesser degree) on many other cities in Hubei province. </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/feb/23/italy-draconian-measures-effort-halt-coronavirus-outbreak-spread" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">Italy</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> and </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2020/02/119_284079.html" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">South Korea</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> introduced comparable measures.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">Especially the lockdown of Wuhan has often been described as a way of "</span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-02-05/china-sacrifices-a-province-to-save-the-world-from-coronavirus" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">sacrificing" Wuhan</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> for the rest of China and even of the world. As mentioned above, many Western experts and media claimed that it violated human rights norms and that such measures would be impossible to implement in Western countries, or in multiparty democracies in general. There is no doubt that the lockdown is a “</span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://text.npr.org/s.php?sId=809965742" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">living hell</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">” to cite from the diary of a Wuhan resident. For ten thousands of families </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.wuhancrisis.com/" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">the situation in Wuhan</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> was and is certainly a humanitarian crisis, as social media postings show.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">It is crucial, however, to understand from a health policy perspective that in a situation where the case density is too high, there is probably no other way of containing the epidemic, i.e. of making sure that at least most of those who are not infected yet will also not get the virus in the near future. This can only be understood if we consider the problem as a relationship between speed of contamination and speed of testing. If a test for the virus could be conducted as easy as distributing flyers (e.g. let somebody spit on a stick and it gets blue within one second if the person is infected), even with a high case density, it would be easy to test everybody in the street, in the subway, at the entrance to a football stadium etc. Unfortunately, this is not the case. Testing for the virus requires a PCR machine, a test kit and competent experts to conduct the test in a reliable and safe way.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">There are indications from </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30260-9/fulltext" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">model simulations</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> that in Wuhan, the present day number of total confirmed cases was almost reached at the time of the lockdown on Jan. 23. If this is correct, despite working with extreme efficiency, it took the Chinese authorities roughly one month to build up the necessary healthcare, quarantine and testing capacity and to find the huge majority of the cases, in part by doing systematic house to house searches. Again, this would not have been possible at all with Wuhan's own resources; massive manpower and material from the rest of China were necessary for this.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">It is therefore clear that the lockdown of Wuhan alone, or any other lockdown, does not represent a solution in itself. It has only one function: providing more time for the authorities to build up the necessary capacity to catch up with testing all remotely suspected cases as well as treating and isolating the sick and infected. Lockdowns are beneficial and necessary only in the short term, when an outbreak remained undetected for too long and the number of cases has become too large for the available capacities to deal with it. If testing capacity is built up in time, lockdowns are not necessary at all.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">8. The outbreak of a Covid-19 pandemic must be stopped at all cost<o:p></o:p></span></b></h1>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">This is a one-in-a-century epidemic, as Bill Gates </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2003762" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">has pointed out</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">. “Disease X” has </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://www.tagesspiegel.de/wissen/epidemie-experte-zur-bekaempfung-von-sars-cov-2-das-coronavirus-ist-ohne-zweifel-eine-beispiellose-globale-bedrohung/25604494.html" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">finally arrived</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> and it will not be over anytime soon. Unless we find an efficient cure or vaccine, each single outbreak must be contained using the methods mentioned above. If we don't want this containment effort to destroy our economy and social life through repeated lockdowns, there is only one approach: we must massively expand our capacity to detect new cases with maximum speed and precision. This issue must not be dragged into an ideological war between the West and China, or between rivaling political parties within a country. Collaboration and the ability and willingness to learn from each other are the only way to success. When the present danger is firmly under control, rigorous and unsparing research will have to evaluate how the various actors handled or mishandled this outbreak. This includes not only governments and their administration, but also media and academic experts.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">Concretely, what is required can be set up in a matter of days or a few weeks at most. There are three relatively simple, but extremely urgent tasks: setting up a comprehensive location tracking database, increasing testing capacity and setting up quarantine facilities.<b><i><u><o:p></o:p></u></i></b></span></div>
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<b><i><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">Enabling ubiquitous location tracking</span></u></i></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> through a small app developed for this purpose that can initially be very simple. Experienced developers can set up the necessary servers and develop the app and make it available for download within a few days. Everyone without a smart phone needs to get one for free. The biggest problem will be the legal issues. Many health experts have complained in the past that the increasingly strict privacy regulations end up limiting our ability to save lives. It is time that this issue is seriously discussed, but not in relationship to the containment of COVID-19, where we need immediate action. Once the infrastructure is ready, citizens should be immediately encouraged to download it. If adequately confronted with the extent of the threat, most people will do it probably out of free will. This would already provide considerable help with contact tracing, even though a mandatory use of the app would be more efficient. Setting up the data gathering has got the highest priority. Developing and testing the search algorithms is more complex and will take more time, even though a very simple but useful algorithm can also be developed within a few days.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">Building up adequate testing capacity</span></u></i></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> might be a little bit more challenging. However, in each country, the necessary PCR machines and people able to operate them are available in sufficient number. Of course, most people who operate these machines now are not trained to handle samples with a deadly virus and in some cases (e.g. cheap private genetic testing), the quality might not be up to the task. In the case of an outbreak, quality issues are not that important. The available tests are not 100% reliable anyway. In China, they consider that two positive tests are necessary to confirm a case and two negative tests on two consecutive days for discharge from the hospital. Many patients were tested multiple times until the test was positive. Safety issues must of course be taken seriously, but it is much easier to deal with a contagious sample, which can be handled in a lab chapel, than with an infected person which talks, sneezes and coughs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">Delocalization of testing</span></u></i></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> is an option. </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://techcrunch.com/2020/02/29/fda-allows-new-diagnostic-technologies-to-test-for-coronavirus-before-receiving-emergency-approvals/" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">According to reports</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">, China is able to test more than 200,000 samples per day. They might be willing to test our samples until we can build up the necessary capacity. Countries with a warm climate did not see any community spread so far and could be another solution. Among others, India and to a lesser extent Bangladesh and other countries have got a modern pharmaceutical industry. They are able to produce the test kits and to perform the tests. Due to the massive reduction in air traffic because of the virus, air transport capacity is easily available to carry the samples in great number to other continents with a high frequency (e.g. once or twice a day). It is obvious that samples would be anonymized and quality checks would be required. Delocalization might be the only way of scaling tests up to the required capacity fast and at an acceptable cost. Massive testing will be with us for months and probably years to come. Alternatively, Chinese health providers could also be invited to European countries to rapidly build testing facilities and share hands-on expertise.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">Employ a layered approach to isolation.</span></u></i></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> The more we test and the better we know whom to test, the less patients in severe condition we will have, but the more infected people with mild symptoms will have to be isolated. Simply letting them live at home is probably not an option, because it would lead to further infections, even if they live alone, as experience in Hong Kong has shown. It is of course possible that when we understand the various modes of transmission better, we will find ways of allowing this without risk. Meantime, the armed forces or civil defense organizations can set up quarantine facilities, which would of course have limited comfort. Underused tourism infrastructure could be another option.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">We must test massively, and do it now.</span></u></i></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> This is certainly the most important lesson to retain. Start with testing all those who come to the doctor or hospital with pneumonia or a bad cough. Remember that in </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="https://edition.cnn.com/2020/02/25/europe/italy-coronavirus-backfoot-intl/index.html" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; text-decoration-line: none;">Italy</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">, it took them too long to start testing when they had several cases of pneumonia in one hospital. Then test all the contact persons found through a manual search process (family members, colleagues, other people possibly exposed, people living and working in the same building, etc.), home-quarantine them and test them repeatedly, not just once. As soon as available, test more contact people revealed trough big data algorithms like location tracking. Systematically test people from areas with major outbreaks. Then test all people with cold symptoms more specific to COVID-19, like persistent cough or high fever. Test even samples of people with the most ordinary cold symptoms all over the country. Build up a massive testing capacity, and use it to the full extent by working through the list above by descending priority. The ratio of positive results to the total number of tests is a good indicator whether the capacity is sufficient. We must target a ratio of 1:100 right now, 1:1000 in the short term, and around 1:5000 to 1:10000 in the medium and long term, when the present outbreaks have been brought under control. Being transparent about the number of tests is crucial. In comparison, in Italy, right now, the ratio is 1:10. In Lombardy, the most affected region, it stands at 1:7. They find only a fraction of the cases. As a result, the virus is spreading almost unimpeded.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">This epidemic can and must be brought under control in the sense that we stop every larger outbreak and keep the number of cases consistently low. <b><i><u>Failure is not an option.</u></i></b> If the number of cases gets out of control, this will become horror. Just keep in mind that in Wuhan, only 0.5% of the population got infected. Read the media reports to see the consequences. In all of China, there were less than 80,000 cases, but only because of the tough measures they took. Most of them got infected before January 23. In many cases, their state deteriorated only progressively. As of </span><span lang="FR-CH"><a href="http://www.nhc.gov.cn/xcs/yqtb/202002/945bd98a9d884aeeb54d76afa02ca813.shtml" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; text-decoration-line: none;">Feb. 23</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">, almost 10,000 people were still hospitalized and considered "severe" cases. This virus kills slowly, but it kills massively if people get no treatment. Every outbreak out of control will overload even the best healthcare system, but it will do so slowly, so that we don't realize it before it is too late. As a result, huge numbers of patients with severe and critical pneumonia, gasping for breath and chocking as a result of water accumulating in their lungs, will be sent home to die when they could otherwise be saved. This is what is at stake. On the other hand, with sufficient and efficient testing capacity, we can keep this under control and have a normal life, including intense social and cultural activities, with few occasional cases that get adequate treatment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Jairus Victor Grovehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15030715466285389226noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6056235652294517694.post-7158597067568645822020-02-24T22:51:00.000-08:002020-06-16T23:43:29.323-07:00What Time Is It?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3_L5KN7mfYp-J1MakwSZwtrWx7SvUPLLzoGhUgwdC9elgAaGSkKn354giDkTPT3LwaVYo8HB37yKEeOzT7tefDfG9ZowoHBCfzdGY6G1AffbTwuZWGAwdvGMVGlsumwNoih9hdkC0U6kn/s1600/1.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="581" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3_L5KN7mfYp-J1MakwSZwtrWx7SvUPLLzoGhUgwdC9elgAaGSkKn354giDkTPT3LwaVYo8HB37yKEeOzT7tefDfG9ZowoHBCfzdGY6G1AffbTwuZWGAwdvGMVGlsumwNoih9hdkC0U6kn/s320/1.jpeg" width="290" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>Bill Connolly</b>, author, Climate Machines, Fascist Drives, and Truth (2019)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">In October of 2017 I published a short book probing the rising danger of a new Fascism in America; it also sought to explain how the long neglect of working class grievances by the moderate wing of the Democratic Party helped pave the way for Trump and why so many moderate Democrats in the party, the media, and the academy missed the severity of the danger until after the revolt was well underway.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-size: large;"> Let me quote from one page in that book, as it identified numerous pressure points at that moment that could turn in this or that direction over the next couple of years:</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">...we now face a possibility that may either be transcended or morph into a distinctive brand of American fascism irreducible to its predecessors. It would accelerate institutional racism, immigration bans, deportation drives, misogyny, selective police ruthlessness, the hegemony of one wing of Christianity, and military bravado while practicing a mode of climate denialism that its predecessors never had to ponder. It would allow vigliante violence against vulnerable groups while maintaining a thin veil of deniability... A new fascism would retain competitive party elections while accelerating a host of state and federal practices that discourage poor minorities from getting to the polls, as it draws untrammeled and anonymous campaign expenditures from the filty rich...The regime would collude with foreign powers to manipulate elections and smear its opponents while plugging other "leaks" in the ruling bureaucracy itself. It would retain a privately owned media while cajoling voices critical of the regime and seeking to bury the remaining critical voices under its own Fox News, twitter and blog initiatives. It would make even more right wing court appointments to insulate its violences, intimidations, corruptions, collusions and surveillances from effective legal action. It would escalate controls over schools and universities already underway. It would give into the standing temptation to mimic the Reichstag event in Germany..to vindicate new steps to mass moblization and selective oppression. It would intensify the drive to bring intelligence and police agencies under control... It would extend the neoliberal drive to entangle finance and corporate capital with state modes of subsidy, support and collusion. And it would strive to keep its base mobilized through the endless multiplication of Big Lies, distractions and carefully circulated rumors to keep the defenders of democracy off balance. The latter would include.. disinformation in blog, speeches and twitter feeds..and drawing kompromat more intimately into the nerves of American politics. It would institute a series of disruptive acts to disable criticism of these tendencies...</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">So where are we now? Well, racist and anti-imigration strategies have escalated. White Nationalism is growing. (Did you note Trump's critique of the Academy Award for "Parasite", a film by a South Korean Director set in South Korea, and his public nostalgia for "Gone With The Wind", a film set in the South during the Civil War? ) Fox News, right wing blogs, twitter campaigns, and Fascist Trump diatribes intensify weekly. As others who have studied leaders who seek to be tyrants have said, never assume the extreme statements are mere rhetoric. They announce plans and intentions.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Illustration: Paul Hoppe</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Mid-level appointees in the State Department, Justice Department, FBI and Intelligence Agencies are squeezed by Trump increasingly every week, cowing many and translating their replacements into minions to demean rivals and protect him. Disinformation machines.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> The lower courts are shaky, as McConnell continues to flood the court system with right wing appointments. And the consolidation of a right wing majority on the Supreme Court is ominous.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The Republican defeat of Impeachment charges against Trump by Democrats in the House-- after he pressed Ukraine to intervene in the U.S. election on his behalf--has shown that Republican Party leaders are not really cowed by the President. Rather most are eager supporters of his practices. And more recent assaults by Republicans in the House against Intelligence officials who told them that Putin is again invading the 2020 election on Trump's behalf shows the same thing. Republicans are part of the Trump offense team, so no knowledgeable observers should be surprised when the effect of new Intelligence report led Trump to fire the Acting Head of Intelligence rather than instigating policies by him and other Republicans to fend off the next Russian election attack.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">William Barr has profoundly corrupted the Justice Department, first, "summarizing" the Mueller report before slow releasing it to confuse an inattentive public, second, investigating the origins of the FBI investigations into Russian/Trump connections rather than continuing the investigations, third, refusing to forward a whistleblower report until the hero had to take action into his own hands, and fourth, quietly intervening in prosecution cases to impede legal investigations and conviction of Trump cronies and to promote investigation of his critics and opponents. Unrecorded meetings between Putin and Trump remain secret, even as Putin and Trump collude to shape the next American election.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Trump parades a host of autocrats and dictators before the public, promoting an atmosphere which encourages the exercise of autocracy here. Indeed, his public tweets attacking court decisions, actions in his own bureaucracy, etc., are not tactical mistakes, as some of his apologists assert. They are designed to warn every potential critic that he has the means and the intention to go after them if they protest. Tweets, fascist rallies, and constant helicopter simulations of press conferences simultaneously express his rage and enact his long term strategy. Each move is designed to promote despair among defenders of democracy and to fill the most ardent supporters with disinformation they love to disseminate. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">One sad symptom of the current condition is how too many academics continue to <a href="http://contemporarycondition.blogspot.com/2018/06/populism-or-fascism.html">call Trump a "populist", thereby underplaying the real grievances of the working class</a> he has captured, underestimating the extreme danger he poses to democracy, bypassing the powerful role of affective contagion in sustaining the Trump movement, and refusing to engage how a recent history of soft neoliberalism by many leaders of the Democratic Party helped to pave the way for the Trump revolt in the first place.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> The populist label is thus doubly mistaken, since in its application to the Left it misrepresents the depth of the unattended grievances of many who have now been captured by Trump and in its application to the Right it underplays the depth of the threat Trump poses to democracy. The anti-populist gang in the muddled middle still think that a return to old "guardrails" will suffice, even though Trump actually came to power when several of those guardrails were in place. They did not stop him then and they do not suffice to stop him now, or a successor in the future. The moderates will probably now try to prop up the neoliberal Bloomberg as their new candidate, repeating the errors that promoted the Trump movement revolt.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Similarly, while the pluri-populist Left must support and protect the independence of valiant news outlets such as MSNBC and CNN, it is way past time for the latter to curtail the legal and constitutional analyses of what is happening. They need to give much more time to the pluri-populist Left to explain what is happening and what to do about it. We warned of these dangers when moderates and legalists were still reading judicial opinions and telling us to allow the legal system to correct everything. And we rejected Barr at the outset when many legalists told us that he would probably be a responsible Attorney General. They fell for his rhetoric. It takes activist politics to support the rule of law, not mere discussions of legal precedent. The legalists were way too optimistic in telling us how the Law would prevail once the Mueller Report was published, too; they were also simplistic in focusing their analyses of the Impeachment trial on constitutional issues.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Trump is a lawless autocrat who rides over and slides under the law every time he can. And he then enacts policies and makes laws to punish his adversaries. His core supporters admire this and provide cover for it. Any moderate analysts still "surprised'' by his autocratic approach are out of touch. For instance, do Republicans and Bill Barr actually support a strong or sovereign Presidency, as they say and critical-legalist newscasters have often reported recently? No. They advance such a doctrine ONLY when a right wing Republican President is in power. Did you hear juridical thugs such as Dershowitz or Barr espouse that view when Clinton or Obama was President? No. Will they embrace it if Bernie becomes President? No. They are frauds. Using this story line to divert attention from their commitments to autocracy and support of a lawless President.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">What is to be done? First if Trump instigates a new Reichstag event when he falls behind in the election we must take to the streets, stopping all business as usual. But he may, rather, crawl around like a python, squeezing his institutional prey rhythmically, letting up for a moment now and tightening again then. He has become adept at gradually tightening and extending his regime of corruption, intimidation and alignment with other autocrats. So, we must give active and whole hearted support to Left populists and pluralists such as Elizabeth Warren and Bernie Sanders, as they press for rapid reduction of inequality, health care for all, and radical policies to come to terms with the climate crisis before it is too late. As things stand now, and as I argue in </span><a href="https://www.dukeupress.edu/climate-machines-fascist-drives-and-truth" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: x-large;">Climate Machines and Fascist Drives</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">..,Trump translates immigration flows and other effects amplified by an escalating climate crisis into support for a new fascism, as he labels climate change a hoax.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Another thing about Left pluri-populist movements is that they mobilize protest groups, draw new constituencies into the fray, and inspire voting among younger citizens. During a time when Trump works to discourage and intimidate activism, pluri-populist movements are more essential to democracy than ever. The participants in them grasp the urgency of the situation. They can tell time.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWCqWGgWB3u0Q4h-r-K4975QdCV89IqBjkuEqKT62xuXLvr0dhS3kZlmnyI1yZzhsoSY9uMm_MZp23j5v95PhQCh99ZYww6unYffLligRlpFVUG3RxnrDjH9yfOJ236hbVUXwvmXP4F7uU/s1600/191018-bernie-sanders-elizabeth-warren-al-1255_6982d2988679c271c5115a09d530a308.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1065" data-original-width="1600" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWCqWGgWB3u0Q4h-r-K4975QdCV89IqBjkuEqKT62xuXLvr0dhS3kZlmnyI1yZzhsoSY9uMm_MZp23j5v95PhQCh99ZYww6unYffLligRlpFVUG3RxnrDjH9yfOJ236hbVUXwvmXP4F7uU/s640/191018-bernie-sanders-elizabeth-warren-al-1255_6982d2988679c271c5115a09d530a308.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-size: large;">To support a moderate Democrat today, then, means treading water as the new fascist flood deepens and widens. Moderates lag behind in discerning what we and they are up against on several intercoded fronts. They continue to be "shocked" every other day. They feel they are risk averse when in fact they persistently underrate two of the biggest risks staring them in the face: fascism and galloping climate change. A third is nuclear holocaust. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-size: large;">The Senate's defeat of the Impeachment trial emboldened Trump to squeeze the screws tighter. A 2020 election victory for him--which is very possible given the structure of the electoral college, Putin's concerted campaign on his behalf, white triumphalism, the rampage of climate denialism, and Republican voter suppression--would pull away the last major restraint democratic citizens exercise over him. The others are either gone or slipping away. There is indeed a real danger that Trump will refuse to step down if he loses a close election. Much of his rhetoric is designed to prepare supporters at his rallies for that eventuality. We most definitely must take to the streets and close things down in that event. You certainly can't count on the Supreme Court. The Bush/Gore case taught that lesson.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-size: large;">What time is it? If it was 8:00 pm in October of 2017, it is 11:40 pm now. Midnight means consolidation of a new fascism. Some moderates, realists, and pragmatists will find such a finding to exaggerate, I am sure; but they have said that with respect to every such warning over the last several years. The vice continues to tighten. The crisis is now. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br />Tick, tock. Tick, tock. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-size: large;">*Special thanks to Bonnie Honig, </span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-size: large;">Derek Denman, Jairus Grove, John Buell and Tom Dumm for feedback on this piece.</span></div>
Jairus Victor Grovehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15030715466285389226noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6056235652294517694.post-86804526315624829142019-11-28T14:52:00.003-08:002019-11-28T14:52:32.106-08:00Deportation Discipline<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEih4uOLRd04VkNz5gBOXGp2kGOSYEwtwNI5blka78ErdxrSZbyIUfPH5yIpbQLEdFavFwm6L_nrqftiBichU4Dal_uZhDDMfvvy3U0Q6siuezT4p8hfroEwNWiCsEZ_FrtxEScmXcEqUvCU/s1600/Unknown.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="258" data-original-width="196" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEih4uOLRd04VkNz5gBOXGp2kGOSYEwtwNI5blka78ErdxrSZbyIUfPH5yIpbQLEdFavFwm6L_nrqftiBichU4Dal_uZhDDMfvvy3U0Q6siuezT4p8hfroEwNWiCsEZ_FrtxEScmXcEqUvCU/s1600/Unknown.jpeg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>Kathy Ferguson</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">University of Hawai'i at Manoa</span></div>
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The Trump administration is again rounding up immigrants, this time hundreds of foreign students at <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/immigration/2019/11/27/ice-set-up-fake-university-then-arrested-people-it-gave-student-visas/">a fake university created by ICE</a> to follow the more than <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/11/us/politics/ice-families-deport.html">one hundred and fifty thousand undocumented immigrants</a> captured and separated for deportation or interminable detention. Some children are being placed in homes where their parents will never find them again. Over the summer, threats were made in advance, postponed, and resumed without warning in <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/07/us/ice-raids-mississippi.html">places like Mississippi.</a> Will there be more threats? More postponements? More raids? Or will we simply continue the ordinary terrifying administrative nightmare that is U.S. immigration policy, perhaps punctuated by the cruel banality of made-for-TV strikes on frightened people by heavily-armed Immigration and Custom Enforce (ICE) officials.</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Either way, rounding up families for deportation is not new in the United States. The panic of lives ripped apart, the uncertainty of what will happen, the inability of families and communities to take care of one another, is a constant of government roundups, imprisonments, and deportations. It is an institutionalized production of agitation and dread that disciplines both those who are its objects and those who are said to be its beneficiaries, the remaining Americans who are not [yet] the state’s manifest targets. It is not a “side effect” of law enforcement. It is the point.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">We have been here before, done this before. Of many possible examples, I am drawn to the actual and threatened deportation of Russian residents of Detroit in December, 1919, as recorded by a woman named Agnes Inglis. Agnes was an anarchist and later became the curator of the Labadie Collection at the University of Michigan, which still stands as one of the best collections of radical literature in the world. Agnes was active in the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) when the federal government launched the assault on immigrants and radicals known as “the Palmer raids” after their chief author, Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer. Assistant Secretary of Labor Louis Post famously named the period the “deportation delirium.” Radicals of all ethnicities were targeted, prime among them the Russian immigrants belonging to the Union of Russian Workers, a labor organization that published literature critical of capitalism and the state, organized reading rooms, and offered English language classes to immigrants. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">How is it done? <br /><br />First, the targets are defined as dangerous: they are branded as terrorists, criminals, aliens, threats to national security. Perhaps they organized a union, or missed a court date, or published a radical magazine. Perhaps they happen to live in the same house with others who have done these things. Seen through the lens of nativist fears, the immigrants are defined as dangerous-foreign-dirty. Acutely aware of the anxieties and disgust being manufactured about them, immigrant communities experience growing fears. Is it safe to go outside? To go to the hospital? To go to school or work? <br /><br />Then come the roundups. Agnes writes: <br /><br />“Word has come. It is Wednesday. Hessian Tagieff must give himself up, on Friday, to be deported. He is undesirable. All the little details must be attended to. Nothing matters. Nothing can stand in the way. On Friday they extend the time till Sunday…. We rush hither and thither helping him to get ready… <br /><br />“It‘s Sunday. He and Alex Nichentoff [a painter] meet at the office of the Immigration Station. Alex has $70 worth of paints in his trunk. He also has $35 his comrades gave him the night before. Will they let me buy some shoes, he asks, when I get to New York? I do not know…I had never been to Ellis Island. I did not know how we treated folks ordered deported….Will they let me take my paints to Russia? I did not know. I hoped so. He had them in a trunk. His trunk and Hessian’s went on to New York. Hessian had gifts for his child he was to see now again back in Russia….(“Reflections, Part II,” Agnes Inglis Papers Box 25, Labadie Collection, University of Michigan, p. 49)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">There is chaos. Families cannot locate their detained relatives. There is panic, designed to disrupt their lives, to make ordinary life unlivable. After Hessian Tagieff and Alex Nichentoff are rounded up, Agnes and other Detroit residents witness dozens more men arrested without warrants and held incommunicado. Agnes see them, 99 men in a cell meant for 23. She calls lawyers to help. “But everybody was scared of the Department of Justice.” (“Reflections, Part II,” Agnes Inglis Papers Box 25, Labadie Collection, University of Michigan, p. 54) Bail is set at $10,000 each, a colossal amount that the activist community cannot hope to raise. There is a rumor the detainees are to be sent to Soviet Russia but no one knows for sure. No one knows what is going on.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Ordinary people will try to help. After seeing off Alex Nichencoff and Hessian Tagieff, Agnes and one lawyer are trying to help 56 men, 12 children and 5 women who are now in jail to prepare for deportation. They need shoes, clothes, suitcases, food, and money. One has a house to be sold. They have 2 days.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">“We discuss bank accounts and personal belongings like top shirts and collar buttons and fur caps – able-bodied men unable to attend to the details connected with getting to [sic] hell out of here.--- I recall my own trip to Europe and my preparations for my personal wellbeing – in summer, too. Now it is winter: zero weather. Yet these men must rely upon a few of us comrades to attend to the details of travel for 56 men 12 children and 5 women. And only two days to do it all in!” (“Reflections, Part II,” Agnes Inglis Papers Box 25, Labadie Collection, University of Michigan, p. 51.)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Agnes muses:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">“Spies betray; police arrest; officials in warm offices issue orders to break up homes but comrades – human folks – must do the human things.” (“Reflections, Part II,” Agnes Inglis Papers Box 25, Labadie Collection, University of Michigan, p. 52)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Some of the deportees are actually removed from the country. When Alex Nichencoff and Hessian Tagieff were taken from Detroit to be deported along with 247 others, including Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman, on the leaky transport ship The Buford, Agnes was there:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">“I am the only one there at the end to say good-bye. I go… to the patrol wagon. I lean in and shake hands…Others are in the patrol wagon, too…Not deportees….perhaps dependents. Going somewhere else to see how friendless the world can prove…. I feel for a long time afterwards as tho [sic] I were living a part in the Tale of Two Cities …. (“Reflections, Part II,” Agnes Inglis Papers Box 25, Labadie Collection, University of Michigan, p. 49)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">“The Buford, the first Ark, has sailed away…..Alex Nichencoff and Hessian Tagieff went on it, with the clothes they had on them, in zero weather, on an old weather beaten ship. Their trunks were left behind at Ellis Island.” (“Reflections, Part II,” Agnes Inglis Papers Box 25, Labadie Collection, University of Michigan, p. 50)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Some will not be deported after all but held indefinitely in jail. In the end, the wives and children of the Detroit men did not go with their husbands and fathers, but they had sold everything in preparation for the threatened deportation. Ironically, these particular men did not go either. Due to Agnes’ frantic interventions, they literally missed the boat. The Buford sailed without them and, despite official announcements to the contrary, there were no other “Red Arks.” “The men just stayed in jail and the women were homeless and so were the children.” (“Reflections, Part II,” Agnes Inglis Papers Box 25, Labadie Collection, University of Michigan, p. 52)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">But of course the Detroit activists did not know this would happen:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">“But in Detroit, after getting the word on Wednesday we set out in earnest to get things ready for that little ocean voyage for our comrades. And by Saturday night they were ready. One little home was sold. Every home was broken up and everything disposed of. Sewing machines were sold and everything. The women bought clothing for the long cold trip with the little money they got for their household things. But Thursday another word came; they must be ready by Friday night! It could not be. I hurried to the phone and called up all the American bourgeoisie men and women with reputations that counted at Washington, that I could research who sympathized with these persecuted people. Telegrams flew to Washington. Washington was impressed – whoever Washington was – the Attorney General, I suppose. Anyway another order came to Detroit. They would not have to go Friday after all.” (“Reflections, Part II,” Agnes Inglis Papers Box 25, Labadie Collection, University of Michigan, p. 56)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">So the delay Agnes wrung from the hands of the deportation bureaucracy, with the tool of bourgeois prestige that she could access, keeps these particular men from going on the Buford. And keeps the women and children from finding themselves abandoned and without funds in New York City, because, despite threats to the contrary, they would not have gone on the boat.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Time passes. The paroxysm of anti-immigrant sentiment, lacking orchestration, fades. Agnes writes, “Every day or so someone is let go, no charge against him. The violent hysteria against these workers has abated. It is no longer dangerous to take their part. After months of bad physical care and insulting treatment the decision has come that they ought never to have been molested. But even yet they are not let out – they must be paroled out – to save the face of officialdom.” (Inglis, “Manifesto in Regard to Deportation,” June 1920 in File on Deportation of Detroit Anarchists 1920-1936, Agnes Inglis Box 27, Labadie Collection, University of Michigan, </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">p. 2).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">If the men are not deported, yet their arrest is not cancelled, then the state holds any bail that supporters managed to raise. Women trying to visit their husbands are threatened and forced to watch as their husbands are beaten. Children play deportation games: one child acts the part of the immigration officer who denies another child the right to visit her “husband,” played by a third child, in jail.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Protests continue. Some wives of prisoners go to the hotel where Palmer was staying in Detroit on May 16, 1920. They put “Deport or Release” slips of paper on the tables where the dignitaries would be dining. Supportive IWW boys call the newspapers. “The women all went home as quietly as they came, but a guard of American Legion protect the doorway as Mitchell Palmer leaves the hotel, and all the papers in Detroit and even in faraway cities told how the Reds attacked the hotel where Mitchell Palmer dined!” (Inglis, “Manifesto in Regard to Deportation,” June 1920 in File on Deportation of Detroit Anarchists 1920-1936, Agnes Inglis Box 27, Labadie Collection, University of Michigan p. 5)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">We will ask how this wanton cruelty can happen. Agnes reflects:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">“It’s so cold! The weather, and all this is so cruel and hard! As one man said to me today, “You will get bitter too.” I’ve felt all sorts of ways today. Now I am numb. It seems more like fate than anything I ever experienced. They are all such cogs in a wheel – these officials – cruel or decent, the thing happens just the same. The capitalist power turns the wheel and the Power of Labor does not stop it. I’ve run today as though hurrying to go somewhere, as tho [sic] hurrying to tell someone something. But to-night it is the same. The only thing that has moved is a train going…where? And presently a ship will sail….where? No one knows. And who does it? Just a lot of automatons in a system. Is there any intellect in all this? What is the Power? Whatever the power it looks now like it were stronger than the Power of the Workers. Where is the workers’ power? Why I went after seeing Hessian Tagieff and Alex Nichencoff off - and I was the only one at the Immigration Office to say good-bye to them - I went then up to the Auto Workers Hall to the Open Forum where Paul Taylor was chairman and where everything was run by law and order and there was no chance – no loophole for me to take to tell the workers that Hessian Tagieff and Alex Nichencoff had gone to the station in a patrol wagon to be sent to New York and then to be sent no one knows where. I couldn’t get up there in that workers’ open forum and tell it any more than I could have over across the street at the Y.M.C.A. Why couldn’t I?” (“Reflections, Part II,” Agnes Inglis Papers Box 25, Labadie Collection, University of Michigan, p.50)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">What would Agnes do?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Agnes’ story suggests options we might develop:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">1. Help besieged and imprisoned immigrants now. Ordinary and inadequate as it is, they need water, diapers, food and lawyers. They need witnesses. Some of us have the same sort of bourgeois resources that Agnes had, the money for bail or donations, the connections to respectable people who can be moved to object to unnecessary suffering. Organizations with good on-the-ground reputations currently helping immigrants include Al Otro Lado </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><a href="https://alotrolado.org/take-action/donate/">https://alotrolado.org/take-action/donate/</a> and Border Angels <a href="https://www.borderangels.org/">https://www.borderangels.org/</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">2. Tell people. Agnes and other IWW activists are indefatigable in telling the world about the misery and injustice of the raids. Agnes often crafts her writing to best advantage. She uses the repetition of the men’s names -- Alex Nichencoff and Hessian Tagieff -- to get readers past the unfamiliar Russian and Persian spellings, to make the individuals real. She makes their suffering accessible to readers by her comparisons of their besieged misery to the ordinary details of her own travel preparations. She makes the cruel suppression of these men by the state palpable by taking us through the humble bodily needs of people the state throws away. Her own grammar is part of her message: the lack of commas in her lists runs the items together with a sense of urgency: “56 men 12 children and 5 women.” Her run-on sentences make their own demands, as though her message needs to be delivered in one long burst.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">3. Find temporary solace in humor. Agnes reflects on the absurd aspects of the spectacle in which she struggles:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">“We discuss solemnly the size of shoes of a man, it is very necessary to discuss shoes – the shoes of this man who is trying to overthrow the great Government – shoes, gloves – woolen gloves – size 8 ½.” (p. 51)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">She finds the ridiculous in the sublime:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">“It is terrible, the most terrible thing I have ever taken part in, the most heartless. Yet we have to laugh. They speak in Russian. One looking at the status of Jesus on the window ledge within the bars, says something. Another interprets: “The poor Jesus! For what he is in here?” (p. 52)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">While mockery of power is never a fully adequate strategy, it offers a needed respite.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">4. Remember. With the help of people like Agnes, we can remember. Agnes’s letters, pamphlets, and documents are held in the Labadie collection, to which she devoted 30 years of labor. The lifeblood of radical history is held there and in a few other archives, including the IWW holdings at the Walter P. Reuther Library at Wayne State University, the Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archive at New York University, the Emma Goldman Papers Project at Berkeley, the Joseph Ishill collection at Harvard, and the International Institute for Social History in Amsterdam. Reflecting her dogged labor and echoes of her Presbyterian upbringing, Agnes wrote a love letter to the Labadie collection that can serve us today:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">“To the Labadie Collection: Gather, dust, and rays of sun-heat beat imperceptible, beat. And let the unbound wrapped-up volumes of voices of dreamers and world builders keep their silence, and time will leisurely emerge out of space, out of events so measured.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Perhaps no dreamer, no builder of worlds will reincarnate you into his thoughts, his deeds: you may rest for long under the dust, wrapped up in brown paper and tied with string awaiting the judgement day.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">But - one day – that day – young dreamers, young builders, will untie the strings and unwrap the volumes and they will cry out! They will say “My Brothers! My Sisters!” They will say, “You dreamers, you world-builders!” And they will peruse these old records of voices and they will repeat your words and speak your names…..As, in these volumes, your thoughts and the record of your acts lie in silence, the dawning spirit of the Revolution will sweep on…It is sweeping on! And your thoughts and your acts -past tho they are – are not lost in it. And this, the record, will ever be beloved.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Signed Agnes Inglis, Summer of 1932, Ann Arbor Michigan</span></div>
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Jairus Victor Grovehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15030715466285389226noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6056235652294517694.post-30352120023167196662019-10-16T13:24:00.003-07:002019-10-16T13:24:55.970-07:00Greta Thunberg: Fifteen Minute Pharmakon?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5AKS00gr_0X06dOE-BWe-dBAqy-2pwSLk86rV0QlZdNXRYJwQz1SyBJoagg8noNkh-CuTzZOzUutUKHN5HXE8D8h8GHTN0b7nIlLzHM71kqSIAQKKqBGn-B9NmilkstgG5rzSqBx4hGyN/s1600/Krishna_March_2015-14.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5AKS00gr_0X06dOE-BWe-dBAqy-2pwSLk86rV0QlZdNXRYJwQz1SyBJoagg8noNkh-CuTzZOzUutUKHN5HXE8D8h8GHTN0b7nIlLzHM71kqSIAQKKqBGn-B9NmilkstgG5rzSqBx4hGyN/s200/Krishna_March_2015-14.jpg" width="133" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>Sankaran Krishna</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">University of Hawai'i at Manoa</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Why does Greta Thunberg trouble us? What is it about the spectacle surrounding her that leaves many of us with mixed feelings? Why do we ricochet from a momentary appreciation of the young woman’s courage and directness to regarding the attention she has been getting as a part of the problem to even harboring anger and worse at her stentorian self-righteousness and her persona as a global scold? This brief essay tries to untangle my skein of emotions by enlisting the idea of the pharmakon.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Let us peremptorily define pharmakon to mean a combination of poison + antidote that is essentially a smaller portion of the self-same poison + scapegoat or sacrificial lamb. In what follows, I try to show why the Greta Thunberg phenomenon keeps evoking this intermixture of hope, cynicism, and anger, in so many of us.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;"> Greta Thunberg, wittingly or otherwise, exemplifies the privilege that accrues to people from certain regions, nations, classes and races in the world when it comes to pronouncing on global issues. That people from these self-same categories are also overwhelmingly responsible for much of the crap we find ourselves in is a matter that goes relatively unmarked. She did not choose to be born as a white girl in Sweden, but that accident has a great deal to do with her contemporary visibility.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;"> What if, about a year ago, a Malaysian teenager named Rashida Ali had chained herself to the railings around the Parliament in Kuala Lumpur in protest over climate change? Would we have heard about her? I think not. In fact, I know not. Irom Sharmila’s was one of the longest hunger strikes in human history in protest over India’s Armed Forces Special Powers Act which allowed the Indian army to act with impunity in its border states. Sharmila eventually gave up and called off her strike as it seemed so futile. Few Indians, let alone people outside the country, heard that tree fall; most of us even didn’t even know it existed before it fell.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Others – fifteen year old Autumn Peltier who has been at the forefront of the struggle of the First Nations of Canada for clean water, Medha Patkar who has spent decades trying to stop the development of dams across the Narmada river which spell disaster for millions of villagers in the state of Gujarat, the women of the Chipko movement in northern India who were the first tree-huggers- have protested against injustices ranging from the proximate to the planetary. Yet they have never commanded the sort of global visibility that Thunberg has. The apocalypse that Thunberg warns of has already happened to millions over five centuries. They protested and continue to resist in myriad ways without drawing a fraction of the attention she is able to command.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Thunberg’s ability to scale her protest up to the level of the global is inseparable from the very industrial, technological, digitized, racialized, and mediated processes that have helped create the crisis she protests against. Her image and actions have gone viral through processes inextricable from the spinoffs of military technology, avaricious consumerism, and media sensationalism. They rely on platforms built on rare earths mined in Africa and produced by slave labor in third world export-processing zones. One can only imagine the amount of airline and other fuels consumed by media personnel who followed her across the Atlantic and over the American landmass to cover the spectacle.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large; text-align: center;">Thunberg’s calls for saving the planet for the future, for the children, for young people like her, attach a primal innocence to youth that grates in a world where for all too many the innocence of youth has long been lost if it ever existed. Whether its child laborers working in brick kilns since they were toddlers, or teenage soldiers conscripted into ethnic conflicts, or children deliberately mutilated to make them more efficacious beggars, Thunberg’s demand for the restoration of youth itself bespeaks a privileged locus of enunciation. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Moreover, her foregrounding of lost youth needs to be queered for its heteronormative habitus: innocent youth need saving so they may go on to perpetuate the species through nuclear families. There is a normalized futurity in her narration of a world foregone. While I don’t expect her to show such awareness, the absence of it in so much of the moralizing discourse that surrounds her certainly highlights the incongruity of the desire to return to the innocence of youth in a world where both innocence and youth are unavailable to so many.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">To put it simply, there is too much of the Heidegerrian world-as-picture in her imagination and protest, and yet, it’s arguably our ability to scale up to such global levels that has brought us to the current crisis.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Thunberg is from Sweden: the land of Abba and paternity leave. A place where Prime Ministers sometimes bicycle to Parliament and, even when they are assassinated, make sure they were merely walking home after catching a movie with their wife rather than in a bullet-proof limousine surrounded by a security cordon. Sweden is uncontaminated by histories of colonial atrocities (though the record will show that they did attempt, ineffectually, to become a colonial power back in the day) or the unnerving presence of large numbers of dark-skinned ex-subjects in its cities and towns or exotic loot from faraway lands displayed in quiet museums in her capital. There aren’t too many guilt-free white spaces left to which liberal causes can unreservedly affiliate themselves: Sweden (and the rest of Scandinavia) heads that relatively short list. (Sometimes I feel virtue-signaling Volvo drivers actually think their cars are less polluting simply because they are made in Sweden).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Thunberg cut a lonely figure in that ubiquitous photograph of the schoolgirl-chained-to-the-fence outside the Parliament. The idea of a heroic individual changing enduring systems is one that has a long and strong appeal to the liberal imagination: it allows us to retain the illusion that oppressive structures can be changed by acts of individual will and sacrifice. And that the failure to do so has less to do with the power of the structures and more to do with the weakness of our will.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">When the individual in question may also be classified as ‘disabled’ (Thunberg is reported to diagnosed with Asperger’s Syndrome) it adds to the patina of heroism. As Jasbir Puar, among others, has argued, the figure of the disabled (western) hero draws our eyes away from the systemic global production of debility through the slow violence of neocolonial economic policies and the swift violence of war. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">In an era of glossy, freeze-dried celebrity heroes (think Brangelina) Thunberg comes across as authentic: an awkward, blunt-talking teenager who has pronounced various emperors naked. Yet, the third-worlder in me looks suspiciously at the combination of white saviorhood, innocent youth, individualist action and disabled heroine and wonders what all the smoke and mirrors conceal?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Finally, Thunberg has already emerged as a scapegoat, a site of displacement for many forms of obvious and inchoate anger. Strident moralism, at the best of times, is likely to evoke a “fuck-you-too” as fatigue and over-familiarity set in. When it comes packaged with global celebrity it’s unsurprising that Thunberg has evoked much hostility. To the science-denying right wing, she is emblematic of the sort of extremist (and utopian) liberal politics reduced to absurdity. Their anger and mockery is transparent and quite easy to decipher.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">More difficult to parse is the distaste of many who ostensibly share her politics and her ethics. At least one aspect of this distaste is a form of self-hatred: “this young woman has had the guts to say and do the right things. What exactly have I done lately to put my money where my mouth is?” These are dangerous questions for many of us who aspire to be environmentally responsible in the abstract but fail every single minute of every single day in our practice.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">The world we inhabit and frankly enjoy is one premised on acting as if the planet is an infinite basket of resources for us to do whatever we please with. Thunberg is an irritating reminder that not only is that not true, but more importantly, that we can change who we are by an act of our will. That she seems to have that will and we clearly don’t transmutes quite rapidly from self-hatred to despising Thunberg. She has become a figure we love to hate and/or hate to love for relentlessly reminding us that even if saving the planet is probably beyond us, we could change who we are and how we act. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">There’s an even darker secret within some of us: it is increasingly obvious that as a species we lack the collective will or nous to alter our headlong rush into oblivion. Some of us, at least some of the time, harbor a feeling that if something bad were to happen to this unblemished heroine, this gutsy young girl from Sweden, maybe that will shake us into action? That might awaken us to our dire and impending doom? Perhaps Greta Thunberg is the sacrifice demanded of us by a gambling God who has evidently upped the ante beyond anything that has gone on before? That would, of course, bring the Greta Thunberg story to a classic terminus: she would become the golden child we sacrificed in order to regain our humanity and our planet.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">I suspect the way it will actually play out is more mundane, or at least that is my hope. Just as Malala Yousufzai served a certain function in a different geopolitical moment and now probably languishes in a post-Nobel conference circuit from hell, Thunberg too may soon be pushed aside by the next posterchild of doomed salvation. But at this moment in time, Thunberg reigns as a fifteen minute pharmakon: poison, antidote, and scapegoat all rolled into one highly visible, ornery and ephemeral persona.</span></div>
Jairus Victor Grovehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15030715466285389226noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6056235652294517694.post-16908814207309868452019-08-20T05:12:00.002-07:002020-10-21T12:05:07.619-07:00Trump, Militarism, and Fascism<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>Steve Johnston</b> is Neal A. Maxwell Chair in Political Theory, Public Policy, and Public
Service, University of Utah and has just completed a book manuscript entitled <i>Tyrannicide: Trump, White Nationalism, and Democratic Resistance</i>. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">On July 4th Donald Trump, pronouncing himself the country’s “favorite president,” commandeered annual Independence Day festivities on the Mall in Washington, D.C. Inspired by spectacular commemorative occasions abroad, France’s Bastille Day in particular, Trump militarized America’s 4th of July celebration by saluting the nation’s military forces to the point of worship and brandishing its lethal war machinery to the point of fixation, promising to produce “the show of a lifetime!” While Trump’s speech was cheered in some quarters for focusing on the country and its achievements rather than appealing to his white nationalist base for personal political gain, as if his base does not thrill to the sight and sound of American military might, his political interest informed the day’s events. Trump established a troubling precedent for what has traditionally been considered a non-partisan holiday as the military became the president’s performance prop. Dispatching the Pentagon’s hardware to the streets of the nation’s capital for no legitimate reason crossed an American Rubicon (my thanks to Simon Stow for this characterization). </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">What will July 4th 2020’s presidential election year show look like? Trump’s strategic willingness to make himself appear, contrary to fact, to be a patriotic force of national unity who rises above divisions renders him especially dangerous as he pursues his white nationalist agenda. Should his aspirations meet with undue frustration or defeat, he may, given his contempt for constitutional limits and norms, decide to act in the “good” of the country as he alone defines it regardless of the democratic consequences. For this possibility he set the stage neatly. Trump insisted that American freedom derives from the military and presented himself as their champion. He does not offer professions of presidential affection and loyalty gratis. He may not have asked for anything this year and he may not do so next year, but he has positioned himself well were he to call on the military for their support to reward his fidelity, especially in a moment of (alleged or manufactured) constitutional crisis. In short, why not try to seduce and corrupt the military? Given its willingness to wage George W. Bush’s illegal Iraq war (name a top general who resigned rather than aid and abet the charade), its republican credential are dubious at best. Given his low popularity he may not be able to maintain his self-conception as America’s “favorite president,” but this performance might help him guarantee that he is the military’s favorite president.
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The disconcerting symbolism of the armored vehicles and tanks surrounding Trump possessed a menacing feel, as did the flyovers he ordered for the occasion. He was demonstrating the vast destructive power that he can summon from above willy-nilly. (He ordered a similarly gratuitous flyover of F-35 fighter jets to impress the Polish president when the latter visited the city on June 12.) The ostentatious displays suggested vigilance not so much against foreign enemies of American freedom but Trump’s domestic enemies. (The Bradley fighting vehicles were pointing at the crowd.) And Trump is nothing if not an agent of enmity. He thinks in no other terms. As Bill Connolly has been saying for several years now, Trump’s presidency has made the possibility of a fascist dictatorship all too real, a possibility he and his co-conspirators in the GOP cultivate not just on national holidays but every day of the year.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Thus, Trump and the GOP’s self-affirming Confederate character declared itself in Trump’s calculated 2020 re-election diatribe of July 14 against four Congresswomen of color, telling them to “go back” from where they came because they “hate America.” This kind of racist invective is fodder for xenophobic hatemongers, and calls to mind American efforts to purge the continent of African-Americans through colonization in the 19th century. It also give the lie to the claim that Trump and his minions are against only illegal immigration. The House of Representatives formally condemned Trump’s racist tirade, but only four Republicans, a pitiful but telling number, joined the disavowal. Trumps linguistic erasure of four American citizens, three of whom were born in the United States, constituted an act of violence in and of itself, proving once again the illegitimacy of Trump’s presidency: it’s not just that he cannot represent America as a whole; he has no intent to do so. His is a government of and for whites, especially white males who adopt his bellicose ethos. Thus, at a campaign rally in North Carolina on July 17, Trump responded to the House’s rebuke by escalating his racist attacks, bordering on incitement to violence, urging his supporters to “tell them [the four Congresswomen] to leave.” The crowd, in frighteningly fascist fashion, duly complied and serenaded an obviously satisfied president with racist chants of “send her back!,” a targeted reference to one of the Congresswomen, Ilhan Omar, an American citizen born in Somalia. These three words cannot be retracted or denied. Hitler would have approved his apprentice.</span></span><br />
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Derek Denmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11790693849406992144noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6056235652294517694.post-29393808002291183342019-08-01T23:27:00.001-07:002020-06-16T23:44:03.475-07:00Dear Donald: Events are accumulating<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>Bill Connolly</b>, author, <i><a href="https://www.dukeupress.edu/climate-machines-fascist-drives-and-truth">Climate Machines, Fascist Drives, and Truth</a></i> (2019)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Dear Donald: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">I trust you watched the festivities in Puerto Rico. I am sure Fox covered them. For years citizens, in varying situations, bore the tyranny, corruption, racism and incompetence of President Ricardo A. Rossello. They allowed him to ignore their suffering during that horrendous hurricane, as you, too, blamed the victims for the disaster. Events accumulated, with some people pretending they were tolerable and others absorbing them almost silently. Then a small bevy of secret conversations was released in which Rossello and his buddies joked about feeding dead carcasses to the crows, casually discussed killing the mayor of Santiago, and ridiculed numerous other suffering citizens. The pent-up anger finally exploded. People of diverse ages, classes and ethnicities suddenly took to the streets. Citizens blocked roads and highways. They danced to the rhythmic beat of pots and pans in the streets. Groups gathered on kayaks and water scooters to demonstrate in front of the President’s mansion. Famous performers joined the festival and demands. Acrobats and dancers dangled from city signs, as they performed with the Puerto Rican flag.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">To study Rossello, Donald, is to gaze at your own future through a looking glass. You, too, are tyrannical. You, too, are corrupt. You are a racist and a white nationalist. You demean everyone who does not fit your tiny image of what belongs in America. Events are accumulating, Donald, taking a toll on people who may not appear to you to be profoundly troubled by them. Perhaps congress, the courts, and the Justice Department now either participate in your tyranny or flinch before their own responsibilities. But events themselves continue to accumulate. Something will happen in the future; it may be rather minor in itself. It will ignite street uprisings across the country, Donald, in blue and red states. In the face of that uprising the courts and congress may suddenly discover their nerve. That’s what happened in Tunisia, when Mohammed Bouazzizi burned himself alive in public to protest tyranny. And again in Puerto Rico after the release of secret conversations contemptuous of the people.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Let’s review a few events in the States, Donald. People now often try to forget many of them, as they struggle to earn a living, get through the day, send their kids to school, and pay their rent or mortgages. But when the new event ignites street revolts, these instances will come flooding back too:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">1. You colluded with Russia to produce a massive invasion of the American election. Some continue to deny or diminish this astounding fact. But the repressed will return with a vengeance once the new triggering event is fired. Because free citizen elections and the essence of democracy are at stake here.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">2. You plan to collude with Russia again, knowing that you cannot win the election unless you do so. That is why you called the Russian invasion a hoax the first time, not because you could not allow yourself to believe it but because you plan to collude with Putin twice. He has the goods on you, Donald, and it shows all over your face every time you and he commune in public.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">3. You constantly demean nonwhite, non-Christian Americans, eager to find any flimsy pretext to do so. Government by pretext and accusation.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">4.You treat the fetish of a territorial wall as a pretext to stop immigration into America, as you wrest small children from their parents and treat nonwhite refugees with utmost cruelty. This conduct teaches us about the virulence of your racism and, further, about how far you are willing to go with any opponent when you think you can get away with it.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br />5. You cancelled the Iran antinuclear agreement, intensifying tensions in the Mideast and increasing the danger of nuclear holocaust.<br /><br />6. You continue to use all the prerogatives of governing to create profitable opportunities for yourself and your corrupt family.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">7. You covered up your recent amorous affairs by breaking campaign finance laws, and now you use a corrupt Attorney General to stifle investigation of that lawbreaking.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">8. You cancelled the Paris Climate Agreement upon taking office and continue to construe the fact of rapid climate change to be a hoax, condemning billions of people now and in the future to much more precarious lives.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">9. You supported a huge tax cut for the rich, while increasing the deficit by the largest amount any President has done in modern times. You will, of course, now encourage Mitch McConnell, one of your henchmen, to use that ballooning deficit as a reason to cut back or refuse to augment a variety of essential social services.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">10. You refuse to release current and former members of your administration to testify before Congress as Congress exercises the oversight functions that are a crucial part of democracy. You believe the delays you incur by forcing Congressional subpoenas to the courts allows you to get to the next election, when you plan to use all your powers to suppress minority voting and reap the next round of rewards of Russian collusion. You think that once that election is over you will face even less citizen control than heretofore.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">11. You tell Big Lies every day, acting as if the populace is stupid enough to believe them--or at least angry enough to accept them as pegs upon which to hook their prejudices. Every time you face an embarrassing fact, you call it fake news, doing so to undermine popular credibility of the media. You don’t care that your lies undermine the public accountability essential to democracy. Because you don’t admire democracy. But most people, Donald, are not stupid. They absorb the assaults, hear their consciences fester, and bide their time until the spark is ignited….</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">12. You hire corrupt people to serve as heads of key bureaucracies, and you defend them when the corruption is exposed until it becomes a bit risky to do so. Then you dump them fast, as you dump everyone who is not useful to you at the moment.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">One day, soon, a new lie will surface. Or the contempt in which you hold most of the American populace will be revealed by another action. Or you will call upon Americans to sacrifice for a new reckless policy. Or old allies in other countries you now treat with contempt will refuse your urgent call for help. Or Putin will release hidden facts about you—Kompromat--because you are not quite as much a toady as he demands you to be or because he now wants to throw an election into chaos rather than supporting one candidate. The trigger may well be small, Donald. But the accumulation of previous events will turn it into an avalanche.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">I will join that avalanche, Donald, using street tactics and refusing to participate in bloodshed. We know, of course, that you will immediately accuse us of violence, as aspiring fascists always do. Projecting onto the opposition everything they are all so willing to do themselves. We know, too, that you will hire thugs to work us over—as aspirational fascists always do when their regime starts to crumble. When the streets fill, Donald, when the peaceful street actions become overwhelming, when the world stops, you will eventually collapse. As you see erstwhile supporters melt away. Why should they stick with you when it is abundantly clear that you would sacrifice them immediately to a new hotel, or a money laundering project, or the need to protect yourself from charges of illegality, or a few votes in Florida? Why, indeed, because you now only attract loyalty from people who are a lot like you.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Until the flood next time,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Citizen Connolly</span></div>
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Jairus Victor Grovehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15030715466285389226noreply@blogger.com0